1. IDENTITY FORMATION Adolescence entails a recapitulation of early development

2. PETER BLOS Second individuation process

3. SECOND INDIVIDUATION PROCESS Symbiotic phaselate childhood

4. SECOND INDIVIDUATION PROCESS Symbiotic phaselate childhood Practicing phaseearly adolescence

5. SECOND INDIVIDUATION PROCESS Symbiotic phaselate childhood Practicing phaseearly adolescence Rapprochement middle adolescence

6. SECOND INDIVIDUATION PROCESS Symbiotic phaselate childhood Practicing phaseearly adolescence Rapprochement middle adolescence Consolidationlate adolescence

7. Identity A well-organized conception of the self made up of values, beliefs, and goals to which the individual is committed. Set of choices and set of commitments WHO AM I?

8. James Marcia: Identity Status

9. Identity Diffusion No commitments No attempts to explore

10. Identity Foreclosure Strong commitments w/out exploration or questioning Commitments are extensions of parents’ beliefs

11. Identity Moratorium Active exploration of alternatives No commitments yet made Identity crisis

12. Identity Achievement Has engaged in exploration Has made commitments Actively implementing goals

13. Identity Statuses These are not stages Identity formation starts in adolescence, and it continues throughout life People shift patterns in the process of establishing an identity

15. DD F M F D F MM D AAA M D A model of the sequential patterns of ego identity development (D = diffusion; F = foreclosure; M = moratorium, A = achievement).

16. GROTEVANT & COOPER Identity exploration is facilitated by family relationships that encourage: individuality connectedness

17. What do adolescents have in common with toddlers? vulnerability of personality organization urgency for psychological changes in consonance with maturational surge failures in individuation

18. How are adolescents different from toddlers? Disengage from “internal parental representations”. Why? Threats in terms of dependency and sexuality The solution: find love outside the family

19. How are adolescents different from school age children? –Moody, bored, withdrawn –Impulsive behavior –Argumentative behavior –Their private lives are more private and more worrisome to adults

20. What do adolescents need from their parents? 1) Individuation process: –Give adolescents more decision making power; joint problem solving –Anticipate conflict: You may need to be the “bad parent” and should accept the role with grace and dignity –Allow for and tolerate harmless, reversible expressions of independence –Maintain closeness and allow for distance: plan for one-on-one time

21. What do adolescents need from their parents? 2) Identity development process –Facilitate and tolerate appropriate exploration –Provide opportunities that address the question “Where can I make a place for myself?”

22. Communicating with non communicative adolescents Comment on nonverbal behavior Ask for comments: What do you think? Explain reasons for limit setting Look for what’s positive When providing help, advice or an adult perspective, don’t expect a positive response right away Read signs of distress and trouble

23. How to respond to risky behavior: Prevention and intervention –Parental monitoring of adolescents activities; active engagement with the school when problems arise –Authoritative versus authoritarian parenting? –Plan for one on one time; avoid conflict during these times –Set limits but do not over-react –Read the cues carefully