1. By David K., Matt A., Grant W.

2.  Polyps: An abnormal mass of cells projecting from a tissue, which may become cancer  Adenomas: Basically a polyp but it is specific to the colon and rectum, which may become colon cancer

3.  The colon  The rectum

4.  Adenocarcinomas ◦ Start in cells that make up mucus forming glands called Esophageal glands ◦ These glands lubricate the intestines ◦ Adenocarcinomas affect 95% of colorectal cancer patients ◦ Starts with an adenoma

5.  Carcinoid Tumors ◦ Tumors that start in cells that produce hormones in the colon and rectum ◦ Can start with an adenoma

6.  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors ◦ Start in the walls off the small intestine and can spread to the colon ◦ Does not start with a polyp

7.  Lymphomas ◦ Starts in the cells of the immune system that regulate activity in the colon and rectum ◦ Does not start with a polyp

8.  Sarcomas ◦ This starts in the muscle tissue that helps push feces across the colon ◦ Does not start with an adenoma

9.  Inherited  Condition that causes polyps and cancer  Involves a mutated Tumor Suppressor gene of an Adenocarcinoma  Gene Affected: APC gene on chromosome 5

10.  Inherited  Does not form a polyp like FAP  Cancer-Causing condition that is caused by a mutation in one of the DNA-repairing genes  Genes Affected: ◦ MSH2 on chromosome 2 ◦ PMS2 on chromosome 7 ◦ MLH1 on chromosome 3 ◦ MSH6 on chromosome 2 ◦ PMS1 on chromosome 2

11.  Change in normal bowel movements  Any Diarrhea or Constipation  Unexplained weight loss  Vomiting  Exhaustion  Odd stomach behavior

12.  Age 50 & up  A history with cancer ◦ Family ◦ Personal  Having or had polyps  Having ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s disease  Having a heredity condition  Eating a high fat diet with undercooked or processed meats

13.  Physical exam & past history  A digital rectal exam ◦ Physically examines the rectum ◦ Cannot search colon  A fecal occult blood test ◦ Can be used at office or at home ◦ Helps to test for microscopic blood traces

14. SigmoidoscopyColonoscopy

15.  The use of Barium in a liquid (Barium Enema)  This coats colon ◦ Helps with detailed x-rays  A biopsy may be used  Virtual colonoscopy ◦ Uses many x-rays ◦ Compiled by a computer

16. Stage 0Stage 1

17.  Stage II has three sub stages  IIA- cancer has spread to deepest layer of colon  IIB- spread through deepest layer, but not to nearby organs  IIC- has spread through deepest layer, and to nearby organs

18.  Can also be divided into three sub stages ◦ The cancer spreads to more and more lymph nodes as the sub stages progress  IIIA- Cancer invades 1-3 lymph nodes, and nearby tissue, or 4-6 lymph nodes  IIIB- Cancer invades 1-3 lymph nodes and nearby tissue, or 4-6 lymph nodes, or 7 or more lymph nodes  IIIC- Cancer in 4-6 lymph nodes, 7 or more, or 1 or more lymph nodes or nearby tissue plus nearby organs

19.  Can be divided into two sub stages  IVA- Cancer has spread through colon to nearby organs or lymph nodes. At least one far away organ or lymph node invaded.  IVB- Same as A except more than one far away organ or lymph node invaded.

21.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Zx-uYU1dYM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Zx-uYU1dYM  Start at 1:29 and end at 2

22.  If in the early stage, the cancer may be cut out with a tube. ◦ If a polyp is cut out, it is called a polypectomy  If in a later stage, the cancer may be cut out with surrounding healthy tissue. (Colectomy) ◦ The colon may be sewn back together (anastomosis) and heal.  If the cancer is too serious, a large amount of the colon must be taken out. ◦ The opening is filled with a colostomy bag, and if too large, may be permanent.

23.  Radiofrequency ablation uses a specific tool to kill cancer cells with small electrodes. ◦ This can be superficial, or a deep incision  Cryosurgery ◦ Uses extreme cold to kill cancer

24.  Uses drugs to kill cancer cells ◦ A sort of poison that also damages normal cells  There are 2 ways to sent into body ◦ Systematic-Travel throughout ◦ Regional- Sent to a specific area

25. ExternalInternal  Uses x-rays and other forms of high- radiation to kill cancer  Uses a machine outside of the body to place radiation into the cancer  Uses x-rays and other forms of high- radiation to kill cancer  Uses wires, needles, or catheters to insert the radiation  Uses x-rays and other forms of high- radiation to kill cancer  Uses a machine outside of the body to place radiation into the cancer

26.  Uses specifically made antibodies from a lab to only attack cancer cells, and leave normal cells alone. ◦ This is made from one immune system cell ◦ Monoclonal antibody therapy  Infusion- Directly placed into the cancer

27.  Colon cancer is very common in North America and Europe due to high fat diets without fruits and vegetables  Typically affects people age 50 or above

28.  Audrey Hepburn  Pope John Paul II  Jack Lemmon  Ronald Reagan  Sharon Osbourne  Charles Schultz

29.  February 23, 2012  Study using colonoscopy for patients at high risk of colorectal cancer confirm that removing adenomas can reduce the risk of colon cancer in people with high risk and cuts the number of deaths in half.  Adenomas: Basically a polyp but it is specific to the colon and rectum, which may become colon cancer

30. Finberg, J. (2011). Taking charge of your health. In doi:G:\School\Biology Honors I\Taking Charge of Your Health 2.htm Colon cancer. In (2011). doi:www.worldbook.com General information about colon cancer. (11, 10 2011). Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ colon/Patient Takrity, M. (2012, April 02). colonoscopy. Retrieved fromhttp://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.c fm?Proc=63 Pictures & Graphs received from www.cancer.gov