1. BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE UNIQUE TOOLS FOR IMPROVING EDUCATION, MITIGATION, MONITORING, AND ADAPTATION FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. BOOK OF BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives On Science, Policy, On Science, Policy, And EM HI-ED And EM HI-ED

3. MEDITERRANEAN REGION

4. EUROPE NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA CARIBBEAN BASIN OCEANIA

5. ASIA  RUSSIA  INDIA  CHINA  SOUTHEAST ASIA

6. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE DROUGHTS EARTHQUAKES FLOODS SEVERE WINDSTORMS WILDFIRES LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TSUNAMIS

7. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE DROUGHT WILDFIRES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS \ LANDSLIDES TSUNAMIS LANDSLIDES EARTHQUAKES HURRICANES/ TYPHOONS HURRICANES/ TYPHOONS FLOODS GCC AND NATURAL HAZARDS ATMOSPHERICATMOSPHERICGEOLOGICGEOLOGICHYDROLOGICHYDROLOGIC

8. THE DILEMNA OF DISASTER SCENARIOS FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE OCCURS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL WHERE, BROAD BRUSH STROKES ARE TOO UNCERTAIN

9. THE ISSUE: WERE RECENT UNUSUALLY SEVERE PHYSICAL EFFECTS EXACERBATED BY SOME OF MAN’S PAST ACTIONS, OR WERE THEY INDEPENDENT OF MAN AND EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?

10. WAS THE WINTER OF 2008 UNUSUAL? VERY COLD IN CHINA VERY COLD IN NEW YORK SNOW IN AMMAN, JORDAN VERY WARM IN SWEDEN VERY WARM IN NORWAY VERY WARM IN ENGLAND

11. SNOW IN AMMAN, JORDAN: JANUARY; 2008

12. WARM IN TYNEMOUTH, UK: FEBRUARY 2008

13. NO ICE IN NORWAY: JANUARY 2008

14. VERY COLD IN GUANGZHOU, CHINA: JANUARY 2008

15. STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN: WARMEST SINCE 1755

16. VERY COLD IN NEW YORK: FEBRUARY 2008

17. PART 1: WHAT IS THE CURRENT THINKING ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?

18. GLOBAL TIPPING POINTS (Typical Climates Norms Replaced by Hotter Norms) Based on a research report published by the University of Hawaii at Manoa October 2013

19. GLOBAL HOT SPOTS Global temperatures at Locations worldwide will exceed historic norms as soon as 2020, … and no later than 2069

20. EXAMPLES 2020 IN MANOKWARI, INDONESIA 2023 IN KINGSTON, JAMAICA 2029 IN LAGOS, NIGERIA 2047 IN WASHINGTON, DC

21. IMPACTS Locations in the tropics will experience the earliest emergence of the new climate norms

22. PART 2: WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?

23. YOUR COMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS MONITORING HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EM RESPONSE RECOVERY POLICY TOOLS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

24. POLICY ADOPTION RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES BUILDING A CULTURE OF DISASTER RESILIENCE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE NATURAL HAZARDS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE NATURAL HAZARDS EXPECTED LOSS

25. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IF THE PREDICTIONS ARE RIGHT, WE WILL BE LIVING WITH THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE REST OF OUR LIVES

26. ANTICIPATE YOUR RISK

27. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WAS ONLY DISCUSSED IN A HYPO- THETICAL WAY FOR MANY YEARS. If CONSIDERED AS A THREAT, IT WAS A THREAT FOR THE DISTANT FUTURE. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IS INCREASINGLY BEING REGARDED AS A FACT, … WHICH IMPLIES SERIOUS RISKS THAT PRESENT AND FUTURE GEN- ERATIONS ALIKE WILL HAVE TO FACE.

28. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MITIGATION ADDRESSES THE “FRONT END” OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM. IT INCLUDES ACTIONS THAT WILL PREVENT (OR REDUCE) THE RELEASE OF EXCESS CO2 EMMISIONS. ADAPTATION ADDRESSES THE “BACK END” OF THE PROBLEM. IT INCLUDES ACTIONS THAT WILL SAFE- GUARD A PERSON, A COMMUNITY, A BUSINESS, OR A NATION AS THEY LIVE WITH THE LIKELY IMPACTS.

29. MITIGATION & ADAPTATION ADAPTATION IS REQUIRED BECAUSE WE CAN NOT TURN OFF THE MOMENTUM OF ADVERSE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN A SHORT TIME. CARBON DIOXIDE REMAINS IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR DECADES, AND OCEANS STORE HEAT FOR CENTURIES.

30. MITIGATION & ADAPTATION MANY COUNTRIES ARE NOW MAKING LARGE INVESTMENTS IN MITIGATION AND ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATION ACTIONS. LEADERS RECOGNIIZE THAT THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WILL LIKELY INCREASE THE RISKS FOR PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, AND COMMUNITIES LIVING IN OR LOCATED IN COASTAL AREAS OR IN RIVER FLOODPLAINS.

31. THE NETHERLANDS: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION AFTER 800 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE BATTLING THE NORTH SEA, THE NETHERLANDS HAS NOW CREATED SOME OF THE STRONGEST FLOOD DEFENSES IN THE WORLD. PRESENT RIVER DEFENSES PROVIDE 1-IN -250 YEARS PROTECTION LEVELS.

32. THE NETHERLANDS: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION THE OOESTERSCHELDEKERING, A PART OF THE DELTA WORKS DAMS, DEFENDS AGAINST THE NORTH SEA. THEY ARE NOW BEING MADE STRONGER TO PROVIDE 1-IN-100,000 YEARS PROTECTION INSTEAD OF 1-IN-10,000 YEARS PROTECTION.

33. THE NETHERLANDS: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION THE DUTCH ARE ALSO REVISING TRADITIONAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT THINKING. IN ADDITION TO CONTAINING THE FLOOD WATERS, THEY WILL ALLOW CERTAIN DESIGNAGTED LOCATIONS TO BE FLOODED. THIS STRATEGY IS CALLED, “LIVING WITH WATER.”

34. THE OOESTERSCHELDEKERING: THE NETHERLANDS

35. THE NETHERLANDS: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION THE NETHERLANDS WILL COMMIT ABOUT $1.3 BILLION ANNUALLY TO INCREASE FLOOD PROTECTION LEVELS. THIS INVESTMENT IS EQUAL TO ABOUT 0.2 PERCENT OF THE NETHERLAND’S GDP.

36. BRITAIN: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION THE BRITISH ARE IMPROVING AND EXTENDING THE “THAMES BARRIER,” A SET OF FLOODGATES ACROSS THE THAMES RIVER. WHEN THE BARRIER IS CLOSED (ABOUT 10 TIMES A YEAR) IT PROVIDES 1-IN-2,000 YEARS PROTECTION OF LONDON FROM FLOODING CAUSED BY OCEAN SURGES DURING STORMS.

37. LONDON, ENGLAND

38. THAMES RIVER BARRIER DURING STORM

39. BRITAIN: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION THE PREDICTED RISE IN SEA LEVEL BY 2030 IS EXPECTED TO REQUIRE AN INCREASE IN PROTECTION ALONG THE THAMES TO 1-IN-1,000 YEARS. THE ENTIRE SYSTEM WILL LIKELY BE REPLACED AND UPGRADED BY 2100.

40. TOKYO: ANTICIPATES MORE WATER THAN USUAL IN THE FUTURE

41. JAPAN: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION JAPAN IS ANTICIPATING MUCH MORE WATER FROM RISING SEA LEVEL, OCEAN STORM SURGES, TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP, AND EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION FROM TYPHOONS. ITS 12-YEAR-OLD “G-CANS PROJECT” HAS CREATED A MASSIVE UNDERGROUND CONCRETE “RIVER SYSTEM” IN NORTHWEST TOKYO TO FACILITATE REMOVAL OF EXCESS WATER FROM TOKYO’S STREETS.

42. G-CANS: THE WORLD’S LARGEST UNDERGROUND “RIVER” SYSTEM

43. JAPAN: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION JAPAN HAS INSTALLED UNDERGROUND PUMPS THAT CAN PUMP 100 TONS OF WATER PER SECOND OUT OF RIVERS AND INTO THE HARBOR TO PREVENT FLOODING OF CTY STREETS. THIS SYSTEM IS ALREADY CONSIDERED TO BE OPERATING AT FULL CAPACITY NOW.

44. BANGLADESH: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION BANGLADESH, ONE OF THE MOST VULNERABLE PLACES ON EARTH TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, NOW REQUIRES USE OF CLIMATE CHANGE MODELS IN ALL FUTURE PLANNING AND DECISIONS. IT HAS BEGUN SWITCHING LAND USE FROM RICE FARMING TO PRAWN FARMING IN LOCATIONS WHRE SALT WATER IN THE BAY OF BENGAL IS NOW MOVING INLAND.

45. BANGLADESH: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION BUT, BEING ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD, BANGLADESH CAN NOT AFFORD THE INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR ADAPTATION MEASURES NOW UNDERWAY IN MANY INDUSTRALIZED COUNTRIES. IT NEEDS INTERNATIONAL AID, WHICH IS NOT NOW AS AVAILABLE AS IN THE PAST.

46. GREATER NEW ORLEANS, LA: ONLY 300,000 AFTER KATRINA

47. NEW ORLEANS: ANTICIPATES HURRICANES EVEN WORSE THAN KATRINA

48. UNITED STATES: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION ADAPTATION IS NOW ON THE AMERICAN AGENDA BECAUSE OF HURRICANE KATRINA AND ITS IMPACT ON NEW ORLEANS AND THE GULF COAST. NEW ORLEANS HAS BECOME A LABORATORY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, HAZARD INSURANCE, AND PUBLIC POLICY.

49. NEW ORLEANS: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION

50. NEW ORLEANS’ LEVEE SYSTEM

51. UNITED STATES: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION NEW ORLEANS’ LEVEE SYSTEM ONLY PROVIDES 1-IN-100 YEARS PROTECTION NOW. 122 LEVEES IN THE SYSTEM ARE NOW CONSIDERED TO BE INADEQUATE FOR THE INCREASED SEVERITY OF WIND FIELDS AND STORM SURGES EXPECTED IN FUTURE HURRICANES.

52. UNITED STATES: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION “DEFENSE IN DEPTH,” A THREE- LAYERED SYSTEM, HAS BEEN DEVISED TO PROTECT NEW ORLEANS. EACH LAYER ACTS LIKE A SPEED BUMP TO ABSORB AND REDUCE THE ENERGY AND DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE WINDSTORM.

53. UNITED STATES: MITIGATION & ADAPTATION “DEFENSE IN DEPTH: THE INNER LAYER CONSISTS OF HARDENED LEVEES AND FLOOD WALLS. THE MIDDLE LAYER IS A LARGE EXPANSE OF WETLANDS. THE THIRD LAYER IS THE BARRIER ISLANDS THAT MUST BE TRAVERSED BEFORE LANDFALL.

54. HARDENED LEVEE SYSTEM: