1. Group 1 Ng Wing Yiu, Yoyo (10000577) Chan Wai Po, Ball (10000623) Hui Yi Yuk, Ken (11001542) Ip Kwan Yuen, Issac (09003495) 1 ISEM 3410 Telecommunications and Networking in Business

2. Table of Content 2 1. Background of RFID 2. Concepts 3. Advantages and disadvantages of RFID 4. Application of RFID 5. Further Development

3. Background of RFID

4. 1. Background of RFID (1/4) “Mirror-Sunlight- Reflection theory ” Basic concept behind RFID is same as “Mirror-Sunlight- Reflection theory ” Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman World War II Initial application was during World War II-The United Kingdom used RFID devices to distinguish returning English airplanes from inbound German ones Commercial Operation begun from 1960’s

5. 1. Background of RFID (2/4) 5 Radio-Frequency Identification RFID = Radio-Frequency Identification Briefly the RF stand for “radio-frequency” and ID means “identifier” that allows an item to be identified, accessed, stored, reprogrammed and communicated by using radio waves small chip and an antenna The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less.

6. 6  Manufacturing and Processing  Supply chain management  Security  Controlling access to building  Payment systems  Location Tracking  Retail 1. Background of RFID (3/4)

7. RFID advantages over bar-codes 7 No line of sight required for reading Multiple items can be read with a single scan Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write) Individual items identified and not just the category Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime Active tags can be read from great distances Can be combined with barcode technology 1. Background of RFID (4/4)

8. Concept of RFID

9. Basic Components of RFID RFID Tags (or Transponders) (or Interrogator)

10. RFID Architecture 10 Tags Reader Gateway Database Application User Interface Backend Fig.1. A General Overview of RFID Architecture Scanned 2. Concept of RFID (1/7) Firstly items-tag are scanned by reader; Secondly in backend transmitted data coming through antenna (RF-wave) are being recognized by RFID-based system PC. It acts as a middleware communication gateway among items, reader and system database; Finally it filters out and store data in RFID- databases for checking the data fault and relevant operation.

11. Key component - tag 11 1. Chips: Hold information about physical object. 2. Concept of RFID (2/7) 2. Antenna: Transmit radio signal 3. Package: Encases the Chips and Antenna, so that can be attached to the physical object.

12. Are All Tags The Same? Three Basic Types:  Active Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry Long Read Range (300 feet)  Active Backscatter (Semi-active) Reader activates tag, but battery powers memory and circuitry Medium Read Range (10 - 50 feet)  Passive Backscatter Reader powered Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 18 feet) 2. Concept of RFID (3/7)

13. RFID Tag Operational Frequencies 2. Concept of RFID (4/7) RFID Tag Operational Frequencies Band Frequency LF 30 – 300 kHz HF 3 – 30MHz UHF 300MHz – 3GHz Microwave 2 – 30GHz Typical RFID frequencies 125 – 134kHz13.56MHz865 – 956MHz2.45GHz Read range<0.5 mUp to 1.5m~0.5 – 5 mUp to 10m Data RateSlowerModerateFaster CharacteristicsShort-range, Low data transfer rate, penetrates water but not metal Higher ranges, reasonable data rates, penetrates water but not metal Long ranges, high data transfer rate, concurrent read of <100 items, cannot penetrate water or metals Long range, high data transfer rate, cannot penetrate water or metal Typical useAnimal ID, car immobilizer Smart labels, Travel cars Tracking logisticsMoving vehicle toll

14. 14 2. Concept of RFID (5/7) RFID tag memory Read-only tags – Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing Can never be changed No additional data can be assigned to the tag Write once, read many (WORM) tags – Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing Tag is locked once data is written Similar to a compact disc or DVD Read/Write – Tag data can be changed over time Part or all of the data section can be locked

15. Key component - Reader 15 2. Concept of RFID (6/7) Reader functions: – Remotely power tags – Establish a bidirectional data link – Inventory tags, filter results – Communicate with networked server(s) – Can read 100-300 tags per second Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as – Entrance/exit – Point of sale Readers can also be mobile/hand-held

16. Reader Products Network Readers OEM Reader Boards Serial Readers OEM Reader Boards Peripheral Controllers PC Card Readers RFID Enabled Label Printers Portable Readers Wireless Integrated Handheld Reader

17. Key component – Host computer 2. Concept of RFID (7/7) data acquired by the readers is then passed to a host computer run specialist RFID software or middleware to filter the data route it to the correct application, to be processed into useful information

18. Advantages

19. 3. Advantages of RFID (1/8) 19 1. RFID tags can hold higher data capacity and better capability hold more data RFID tags can hold more data than bar codes. data capacitycapability RFID tagsup to 2 KBan be read or written Barcodejust 10-12 digitsno read or write

20. 3. Advantages of RFID (2/8) 2. The technology of RFID is efficient direct line of sight Does not require a direct line of sight much greater distances Read at much greater distances up to 300 feet multiple product Read multiple product at the same time Read through packaging unique identification Provide unique identification

21. 3. Advantages of RFID (3/8) 21 3. RFID tags can be used different environments RFID technology has been widely in the medical industry Animal identification Human identification

22. 3. Advantages of RFID (4/8) 22 4. RFID tags provide higher security Cannot be easily replicated Stronger sensor networking system or monitoring system

23. Disadvantages

24. 3. Disadvantages of RFID (5/8) 24 1. High cost Hard to implement in low cost products The benefits of RFID > additional cost

25. 3. Disadvantages of RFID (6/8) 25 2. Materials Problems Problems with some materials Problems with some materials (Metals and liquids ) unreadable reflect the radio waves  unreadable

26. 3. Disadvantages of RFID (7/8) 26 3. Interference problem has been occurred interfere with RFID radio waves The presence of mobile phone towers has been found to interfere with RFID radio waves

27. 3. Disadvantages of RFID (8/8) 27 4. The risk of using RFID technology Do not need to have direct contact Do not need to have direct contact privacy Consumers are apprehensive about their privacy Others can be tracked the personal information by the RFID reader

28. Applications

29. 4.1 Application of RFID (1/9) Case 1– Autotoll 29 Hong Kong's leading ITS services provider in the transport and logistics industries 10 years of experience in the application and implementation of RFID technologies https://www.autotoll.com.hk

30. 4.1 Application of RFID (2/9) Target Market Segment 30 Market Segment Transport Industry Logistics IndustryIndustries in Supply Chain Network Target Customers Government Consumer (e.g. Motorist, Private car driver) Logistics CompanyUpper stream: Manufacturer Middle stream: 3PL, Distributor Lower stream: Retailer

31. 4.1 Application of RFID (3/9) Transport Industry 31 Make use of ITS (Intelligent Transport System) Adapt RFID to control the traffic Allow more vehicles flow in Save time for consumers

32. 4.1 Application of RFID (4/9) Electronic Toll Collection 32 Reduce the time being queued Prevent traffic congestion

33. 4.1 Application of RFID (5/9) Logistics Industry 33 Make use of LMS (Logistics Management System) Adapt RFID, GPS and GPRS technology Increase efficiency and productivity Lower the operating costs

34. 4.1 Application of RFID (6/9) Industry in Supply Chain Network 34 Make use of SCM (Supply Chain Management) Reduce the use of paperwork Increase information accuracy Promote customer satisfaction

35. 4.1 Application of RFID (7/9) RFID Equipment 35 Multi-protocol for agility and flexibility Real-time reading and writing for all EPC-compliant tags Reduce time and maintenance costs

36. 4.1 Application of RFID (8/9) RFID Equipment 36 Wide Read Field Long range and large area RFID tag reading. High Speed RF Signal Conversion Fast and optional communication of EPC-compliant passive tag data

37. 4.1 Application of RFID (9/9) RFID Equipment 37 Electronic Product Code (EPC)™ - Compliance Unique identification Non line-of-sight data capture Easily attached to containers, pullets and boxes

38. 4.2 Application of RFID (1/7) Case 2– Access Control in Luxury Residential Area 38 Leading RFID hardware manufacturer, distributor and consultancy firm http://www.hk-rfid.com/home/active_case.php

39. 4.2 Application of RFID (2/7) RFID Control System 39 Implement in residential area, all the control in that area are automated by computer system Secure and Safe No need to remember passwords or bring keys

40. 4.2 Application of RFID (3/7) RFID Control System 40 Resident card equipped with RFID tags RFID readers and antennas are installed at entrances or any facilities in the residential area One active RFID tag access all controlled areas

41. 4.2 Application of RFID (4/7) Lobby 41 Readers and antennas are installed at the entrance. Entry and exit history is recorded Doors will open automatically

42. 4.2 Application of RFID (5/7) Mailbox 42 Mailbox will open automatically No longer need to carry keys to unlock

43. 4.2 Application of RFID (6/7) Lift 43 Antennas and readers are installed in the lift lobby Only lift buttons of floor where residents live in can be pressed by residents Improve security

44. 4.2 Application of RFID (7/7) Benefit using RFID in House 44 Enhanced security through limiting access to authorized residents only Improved customer satisfaction Accurate in-out records of residents

45. Further Development

46. 5 Further Development (1/7) The Trend of RFID Global Standards of RFID - Reduce supply chain complexity - Promote RFID adoption For Interested parties  Learn the procedures and steps  Increase their competitive

47. 5 Further Development (2/7) The Trend of RFID Steps of Implement RFID 1) Planning and Evaluating the current situation 2) Understanding company position 3) Pilot test 4) Ensuring RFID providers responses 5) Communicating with supply chain partners

48. 5 Further Development (3/7) In-depth uses of RFID 1) Transportation payment 2) Animal and Human identification

49. 5 Further Development (4/7) In-depth uses of RFID 3) Sports 4) School and Universities

50. 5 Further Development (5/7) In-depth uses of RFID 5) Entertainment E.g. Disneyland - “MagicBand”

51. 5 Further Development (6/7) Challenges 1) Lack of Global Standard for adoption 2) Security and Privacy Problem

52. 5 Further Development (7/7) Challenges 3) Data Management 4) Hardware and Software Selection 5) Cost

53. References Part 1 & Part 2 1. http://bibhutipattanaik.blogspot.hk/search?q=Mirror-Sunlight-Reflection+theory http://bibhutipattanaik.blogspot.hk/search?q=Mirror-Sunlight-Reflection+theory 2. http://www.discoverrfid.org/how-it-works/history/development-of-rfid.html http://www.discoverrfid.org/how-it-works/history/development-of-rfid.html 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_card http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_card 4. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp?artnum=60 http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp?artnum=60 5. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp?artnum=2 http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp?artnum=2 6. http://www.datamars.com/default.aspx?menuitemid=258&menusubid=14&Aspx AutoDetectCookieSupport=1 http://www.datamars.com/default.aspx?menuitemid=258&menusubid=14&Aspx AutoDetectCookieSupport=1 7. http://www.rfidaa.org/upload/documents/PDF/RFID%20explained.pdf http://www.rfidaa.org/upload/documents/PDF/RFID%20explained.pdf Part 3 1. http://www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php http://www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php 2. http://www.inlogic.com/rfid/rfid_vs_barcode.aspx http://www.inlogic.com/rfid/rfid_vs_barcode.aspx 3. http://www.albaspectrum.com/news/000003610.html http://www.albaspectrum.com/news/000003610.html 4. http://www.ehow.com/list_6783799_problems-rfid.html http://www.ehow.com/list_6783799_problems-rfid.html

54. References Part 4 1. http://americanrfidsolutions.com/members/download/10th%20M AY%20RFID_SUMMIT_PDF/autotoll/Autotoll_RFID_v1.pdf http://americanrfidsolutions.com/members/download/10th%20M AY%20RFID_SUMMIT_PDF/autotoll/Autotoll_RFID_v1.pdf 2. http://www.autotoll.com.hk/radiofrequencyidentification.php?lang =e http://www.autotoll.com.hk/radiofrequencyidentification.php?lang =e 3. http://www.hk-rfid.com/home/active_case.php http://www.hk-rfid.com/home/active_case.php Part 5 1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/222716691/13D4D845FA04 67BE4C2/48?accountid=11440 http://search.proquest.com/docview/222716691/13D4D845FA04 67BE4C2/48?accountid=11440 2. http://search.proquest.com/docview/445772056/13D4D845FA04 67BE4C2/14?accountid=11440 http://search.proquest.com/docview/445772056/13D4D845FA04 67BE4C2/14?accountid=11440 3. http://pixievacations.com/2013/01/mymagic-disney-world-2013/ http://pixievacations.com/2013/01/mymagic-disney-world-2013/