1. HOW TO SCORE TOP MARKS IN THE CORE
CITIES OF VESUVIUS
HOW TO SCORE TOP MARKS IN THE CORE

2. Know the dot points
The Physical environment, physical features, resources
Plans and Streetscapes
the eruption
the economy: trade, commerce, industries, occupations
social structure; men, women, freedmen, slaves
local political life
everyday life: leisure activities, food and dining, clothing, health, baths, water supply and sanitation
public buildings – basilicas, temples, fora, theatres, palaestra, amphitheatres
private buildings – villas, houses, shops
influence of Greek and Egyptian cultures: art, architecture, religion
religion: temples, household gods, foreign cults, tombs.
changing methods and contributions of nineteenth and twentieth century archaeologists to our understanding of Pompeii and Herculaneum
changing interpretations: impact of new research and technologies
issues of conservation and reconstruction: Italian and international contributions and responsibilities; impact of tourism
ethical issues: study and display of human remains

3. THE SOURCE
Remember the 4 mark question will essentially be a describe question, which will ask you to use the source given.
You must INTEGRATE THE SOURCE AT LEAST ONCE PREFERABLY 2 OR 3 TIMES
If you have large writing exceed the lines by writing below and to the side.

4. TIME= 45 minutes
Question 1 a and b requires you to use a written text. Hopefully you would have read it in the reading time.
A & B should take no more than 2 minutes
C, worth 4 marks will be a describe question= 5-6 minutes
Question 2 will be EXPLAIN worth 8 marks=15 minutes
Question3 is the Discriminator worth 10 marks=20 minutes ( use margins, top and bottom and side if need be)

5. The 4 mark question
Study the Source and see if you can find 4 facts to talk about
It is viable to talk about what is not there, but don’t overdo it.
Remember ancient terms and concepts
Be specific

6. Street of Pompeii Using the source , describe the streetscape of Pompeii

7. General plan=?

8. Via Sabiae was the steepest street running from NW to SE
Pompeii was accessed by seven gates, five of which led to other towns.Streets were laid out on a grid, the main axial road( decumanii) crossed by minor roads ( cardini) creating blocks called insulae about 35x90 metres
The area covered approximately 66 hectares, only 2/3 of which have been excavated
Nola lay on the main NS road access. The Nola gate decreased in important with less need for defence
The Sarno river gave Pompeii the role of sea port for the adjacent hinterland
Streets were generally narrow, varying between 2.4,3.6 or 4.5 metres wide . At its widest the main street was 8.5 metres wide
Nuceria , also on the NS road axis drew its wealth from the river plain and southern regions of Campania
Stabiae was an important shipbuilding town
No commercial, or residential zoning exists and land use was not exclusively urban
The old City or “Aldstat”

9. The 8 mark question Specific knowledge, sources
Requires more detailed knowledge of archaeological and written sources beyond the given source
Possible Explainations could be: economy, social structure, political life, leisure and entertainment, private buildings( villas housing and shops), art and architecture
You can briefly allude to problems of evidence

10. Explain the economic life
Opening sentence: “ The location of Pompeii as a port and central to the fertile Campanian hinterland and Italian penninsula ensured its vibrant and cosmopolitan economic activity in primary secondary and tertiary activity. The excavation of up to 600 shops indicates the scale of such economic activity ”
Give a brief description of major industries textiles, wine and oil, garum, bakeries and a couple of minor ones like perfume( recent excavation) and pottery ( Jaye Pont study)
With each industry be able to give at least one piece of specific supporting evidence eg The Bakery of Modestus where 81 loaves of bread were recovered.
If space allows mention market days, numismatical evidence and the shops
The wax tablets of Caecilius Jacundus records commercial transactions recording receipts for loans and rent is valuable supporting evidence

11. Importance of Leisure and Entertainment
Opening sentence would address the question eg “ Mens sana in corpore sano”; sound mind and a sound body illustrates the Roman enthusiasm for physical exercise while the number of religious holidays provided an opportunity for theatre and spectacles
Ancient terms and concepts to include would be otium and negotum; leisure and work;
Know the layout and terminology of the bath complexes/ theatres/ palaestra and amphitheatre ( seating capacities) and be able to know at least 1 piece of graffiti from each( mention Greek architecture, comedy and tragedies)
Be able to explain who gladiators were, what they wore and how they fought.
Be able to give specific examples of mozaics and paintings eg theatre masks in Naples Museum and painting of the Amphitheatre fight between Pompeians and Nucerians
Remember gambling, not just dice but cock fighting was also popular
Prostitution could double for economy and leisure and entertainment

12. Art, Architecture and Religion Greek and Egyptian influences

13. Influence of Greeks and Egyptians
Pompeii influenced by Greeks at Cumae , Napoli and Greek town of Herculaneum
Roman expansion in 2nd century BC led to the absorption of Hellenistic culture, philosophy, art , architecture
Domestic and Public architecture used Greek columns, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
Theatres were essentially Greek in design. Traditional Greek tragedies and comedies were performed
Influence of Greek attitudes to keeping the body fit can be seen in the Palaestra/gymnasia

14. Religion
Religion influenced. Romans absorbed the Greek pantheon as there own. Apollo and Venus for Pompeii and Hercules for Herculaneum, patron deities.
Mystery religions bought back by soldiers, merchants and slaves. Dionysian/Bacchus cult shown on the dining walls of the house of the mysteries
Isis bought , probably by slaves and gained popularity, especially for women, because of the promise of an afterlife.
Reflected in the Temple of Isis. Its repair soon after the earthquake speaks of its importance to the town.

15. ART
Paintings, mosaics and frescoes borrowed from Greek and Egyptian mythology to decorate the walls of elite houses.
In Herculaneum the image of Hercules appears in a public fountain, in private houses and in a wine shop.
The Alexander mosaic from the House of the FAUN is made from over a million tessarae. It shows the battle between Alexander and Darius the Persian king. The House also contained mosaics depicting life on the Nile

16. Literary influences
The library at the Villa of Papyri reflects the importance of Greek literature, drama and philosophy. A Roman was considered educated if he spoke and read Classical Greek.
Quotes as graffiti also reflect knowledge of Homer, Virgil and Diogenes

17. Possible 8 mark question Explain political Life
Opening sentence; “Pompeii and Herculaneum, like all provincial towns were self governing in local matters. Written evidence from Cicero and epigraphic evidence suggests intense competition for the various magistracies, particularly Dumviri and Aedile. as a way of achieving social status”
Manner of election and duties of the Council, Quattuorvri, Quinquennales, Dumviri, Aediles and Peoples Assembly
Be able to support with evidence from statues, inscriptions, graffiti slogans and any other modern sources that you can possibly remember
You could include discussion of the political buildings, Curia, Comitium and Basilicas as well as the fundamental patron client relationship made visible through the Salutatio.
Make sure you refer to the source several times!!!!!!

18. Issues of conservation and restoration- done to death!!!
Pull out your practice essay and learn it
Know a definition of the two terms
Know outline of problems
Know strategies undertaken by Italian and International authorities
Be specific- Be able to cite examples of Houses which have been conserved or restored

19. IMPACT OF TOURISM tourists are both best friends and worst enemies of the site
negatives
TOURISM
NUMBERS
NEED TO PROVIDE SPECIAL AMENITIES
FOOD/TOILETS/GARBAGE
WEAR AND TEAR
By feet and backpacks brushing against walls
BODY OILS
FLASH
PHOTOGRAPHY
THEFT & VANDALISM
Frescoes stolen from House of Chaste Lovers
FERAL DOGS

20. 2 MILLION TOURISTS EACH YEAR ENTRY GATE PUBLIC AWARENESS SPONSORSHIP
POSITIVES
TOURISM
2 MILLION TOURISTS EACH YEAR
ENTRY
GATE
PUBLIC AWARENESS
SPONSORSHIP
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND APPRECIATION OF THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
SALES FROM RETAIL SHOPS

21. SITE PROTECTION
It has been estimated that between more than 600 items were stolen from the sites
Guzzo has now tried to restrict mafia infiltration of security guards by asking for police checks on all contracts
Control of traffic flow enabled by periodically closing sections of the sites. By distributing large groups they minimize the wear and tear on popular sites.