1. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Cell Relay protocol designed by the ATM Forum and adopted by the ITU-T

2. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Design Goals & Challenges To optimize the use of high-data-rate transmission media (Optical fiber) Need for a system that can interface with existing systems Need for a design that can be implemented inexpensively so that cost would not be a barrier to adoption The system must be able to work with and support the existing telecommunications hierarchies (local loops, local providers, long distance carriers and so on) The system must be connection-oriented to ensure accurate and predictable delivery. T move as many of the functions to hardware as possible.

3. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Multiplexing Using Different Packet Sizes X – data packet A, B, C - audio or video packet

4. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Multiplexing Using Cells

5. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM Multiplexing Cell networking Cell – a small data unit of fixed size Cell network uses the cell as the basic unit of data exchange Advantage Predictability & uniformity – less delay Interleaving – makes it possible to handle real-time transmissions

6. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Architecture of an ATM Network

7. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 TP, VPs, and VCs Transmission path – physical connection (wire, cable, satellite) between an end point & a switch or between switches, divided into several VPs (set of all highways that directly connects two cities) Virtual path – provides a connection or set of connections between two switches. (highway) Virtual circuits – logically connects two points together, source and destination (lanes of a highway.)

8. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Example of VPs and VCs

9. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Connection Identifiers Virtual connection is defined by a pair of numbers : the VPI and the VCI

10. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Virtual Connection Identifiers in UNIs and NNIs

11. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 An ATM Cell

12. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 2 Types of Connection 1. PVC- like a leased line 2. SVC Setup shown at the figure The actual mechanism depends on the network layer

13. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Two Types of Switches VP switch – route the cell using only the VPI -most of the switches in a typical network VPC – routes the cell using VPIs & VCIs –Allows hierarchical routing –Switches at the boundaries of the network, those that interact directly with the end point devices

14. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Routing with a VP Switch

15. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 A Conceptual View of a VP Switch

16. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Routing with a VPC Switch

17. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 A Conceptual View of a VPC Switch

18. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Switch Fabrics Crossbar switch Knockout switch Banyan switch Batcher banyan switch

19. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Crossbar Switch

20. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Knockout Switch

21. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 A Banyan Switch

22. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Part I Example of Routing in a Banyan Switch (a)

23. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Part II Example of Routing in a Banyan Switch (b)

24. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Batcher-Banyan Switch

25. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM Layers

26. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM Layers in End-Point Devices and Switches

27. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL Types AAL1 –supports applications that transfer information at constant bit rates such as video & voice –Allows ATM to connect existing digital telephone networks such as DS-3 or E-1 –Applications: real time voice and video AAL2 –Intended to support variable bit-rate applications –Applications: compressed voice, video, or data AAL3/4 –AAL3 – intended to support connection-oriented data services –AAL4 – intended to support connectioness services –Applications: X.25 & TCP/IP AAL5 –Simple and efficient adaptation layer (SEAL) –Assumes that all cells belonging to a single message travel sequentially –Applications: point-to-point internetwork transmissions

28. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL Types

29. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL1 CSI – for signaling purposes – not yet clearly defined

30. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL2 SAR – 45 bytes Header – 1 byte - 1 bit – CSI CS identifier - 3 bits – SC sequence count – modulo 8, for ordering and end-to-end flow and error control - 4 bits – IT information type – identify the data segment as falling at the beginning, middle or end of the message Trailer – 2 bytes - 6 bits – LI length indicator – used with the final segment of a message (to know the length of data in the final cell – how mush is data, how much is padding) - 10 bits – CRC – for the entire data unit

31. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL3/4

32. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Header & Trailer at CS Note: each field added in CS is in byte T – 0 BT – for sync, & identifies the first cell BA – tells the receiver how much buffer size is needed for the coming data AL – to make the rest of the trailer 4 bytes long ET – for sync L – indicates the length of the data unit

33. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Header & Trailer at SAR ST (segment type) –beginning, middle, end of message or single-segment message SC (sequence count) –for end-to-end error and flow control MID (mux id) –Identifies cells coming from different data, flows & multiplexed on the same virtual connection LI (length indicator) – used with the final segment of a message, identified by ST (to know the length of data in the final cell – how mush is data, how much is padding)

34. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 AAL5 UU – left to the discretion of the user T – reserved but not yet defined L – how much of the message is data, how much is padding

35. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM Layer ATM layer provides routing, traffic management, switching and multiplexing services

36. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM Header CLP – for congestion control

37. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Payload Type (PT) Fields

38. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Service Classes Constant bit rate – real time audio& video services Variable bit rate ( real time & nonreal time) – audio & video that use compression technique Available bit rate – bursty data, delivers cell at a minimum rate Unspecified bit rate – does not guarantee anything

39. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Service Classes and Capacity of Network of the network

40. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 QoS

41. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 User Related Attributes Sustained cell rate (SCR) –Average cell rate over a long time interval Peak Cell rate (PCR) –Sender’s maximum cell rate Minimum Cell Rate –Minimum cell rate acceptable to the sender Cell variation delay tolerance (CVDT) –Measure of the variation in cell transmission times –Ex. CVDT = 5ns, it means that the difference between the min & max delays in delivering the cells should not exceed 5ns

42. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Network Related Attributes Cell loss ratio (CLR) –Fraction of cells lost Cell transfer delay (CTD) –Average time needed for a cell to travel from source to destination Cell delay variation (CDV) –Difference between the CTD max and CTD min Cell error ratio (CER) –Fraction of cells delivered in ratio

43. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 ATM WAN Routers with 2 stacks of protocol