1. Modern Trends in Global Agriculture

2. Write this somewhere on your sheet
Socioeconomic—Social or economic factors that affect the lives of average, working people in a country
(I think this gave a lot of you trouble on your FRQ’s)

3. The Three Agricultural Revolutions
First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution (8,000 B.C. in SE Asia and four hearths)
switch from hunting and gathering to sedentary plant and animal domestication
Second Agricultural Revolution (1700s in Europe)
new farming and storage abilities increased food supplies to meet a growing and urbanizing population
Third Agricultural Revolution (late 1800s – 1950s in N. America)
distributed mechanized farming technology and agricultural chemicals on a global level

4. Third Agricultural Revolution—1950-present
New machinery
tractors for plowing soil
reapers for cutting crops
threshers for separating grain from stalks
Refrigerated containers!
Chemically-produced fertilizers and pesticides
Genetically Modified Foods
Green Revolution

5. -
Refrigerated containers now used to transport agricultural goods globally
Dunedin, New Zealand

6. Industrial Agriculture
As a result of the Third Agricultural Revolution, food production became “industrialized”
Changed
Who produces food
How food is produced
Where food is produced

7. Who produces food 1st--Family farm
Family farms control most steps in the food production process
Now--Corporate farm under industrial agriculture
Large companies called agribusinesses control most steps in food production (seed design, raising animals/growing plants, processing, packaging, advertising, and distribution)

8. How food is produced 1st--Family farm
Labor-intensive
Now--Corporate farm under industrial agriculture
Food manufactured in large factories
Capital-intensive in all steps (cultivation, processing, distribution)

9. Where food is produced 1st--Family farm
Local farms in MDCs
Now--Corporate farm under industrial agriculture
Often produced in LDCs and exported to MDCs (globalization of agriculture)
Small farmers in LDCs now work for foreign agribusiness corporations
Ex. During winter in North America, Chile is the primary source of fruits and vegetables in grocery stores

10. Neocolonialism
European powers used colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas to supply Europe with raw materials
Now, most LDCs still survive by producing cash crops for export to MDCs that were once their masters.
Colombia – coffee, Guatemala -- bananas, Egypt – cotton, Caribbean and Brazil – sugar, flowers

11. Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture
Five characteristics that distinguish subsistence agriculture from commercial agriculture
Purpose of farming
Use of machinery
Percentage of farmers in the labor force
Farm size
Where predominant

12. Purpose of farming Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture
provide food for the farmer’s own family
Commercial Agriculture
Produce products for sale off the farm to other places
Uganda

13. Use of machinery Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture
Labor-intensive
Commercial Agriculture
Capital-intensive / mechanized

14. Farm Size and Scale of production
Subsistence Agriculture
Small size
Small-scale
Commercial Agriculture
Large size
Large-scale
Terraced Fields in Malaysia

15. % of Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005
In LDCs, is the percentage of workers involved in agriculture high or low?
In MDCs, is the percentage of workers involved in agriculture high or low?

16. Predominant in which regions
Is subsistence agriculture predominant in LDCs or MDCs?
So where is commercial agriculture predominant?

17. Land Use Extensive activity Intensive activity
using a large amount of land to produce crops and livestock. (inefficient)
Intensive activity
using small amounts of land very efficiently to produce crops and livestock (rice, wheat, corn)

18. intensive subsistence agriculture
45% of people of world’s population do this!
Farmers cultivate small plots of land very efficiently, but labor-intensive.
Predominately grow one crop, then exchange small amounts for other foods
Wet rice (India, Bangladesh, S & E. China, SE Asia)
Double cropping—Planting twice in a growing season
Done in LDCs
Found in regions with
high population density
abundant summer rainfall
Rice , maize & manioc (S. Am.), millet & sorghum (Africa)
Indonesia

19. In which two states is most of the world’s rice grown?
World Rice Production, 2005
In which two states is most of the world’s rice grown?

20. shifting cultivation / swidden farming
Subsistence Agriculture, multiple crops grown at one time
Growing crops in an area for a short period of time, then leaving it “fallow” (unfarmed)
In tropical areas, soil is poor (rain washes away nutrients, so farmers adapt by moving from field to field to allow soil to replenish its nutrients.
Environmentally sustainable, but inefficient--Largest percentage of world’s total land area (¼), but supports less than 5% of world’s population
Guatemala

21. shifting cultivation / swidden farming
Usually involves slash and burn agriculture – land cleared by cutting existing plants, then burn rest, cultivates for a few years, then moves on once soil becomes poor.
Found in LDCs
Found in hot, humid, low-latitude climates (tropical and tropical wet)
Found in areas with low population density
W. Africa, central Africa, Amazon River basin of northern South America, SE Asia, especially Indonesia

22. pastoralism / nomadic herding
subsistence pattern of agriculture in which people make their living by tending herds of animals
Livestock provide food, clothing, shelter.
Different cultures prefer different animals
May be sedentary or nomadic
Done in arid/semi-arid climates because no arable land
Done in Northern Africa, SW Asia, W. China
Iran

23. Intertillage
Intertillage is the planting of different crops together in the same field.
This is good for subsistence farmers, but is not part of the global food production process. (not commercial agriculture)
Benefits:
Spreading out food production over the growing season
Erosion control
Problems
Inefficient

24. plantation agriculture
Specialize in one or two high-demand cash crops that will usually be exported to MDCs, (sugar cane, coffee, palms, coconuts, rubber, cotton)
Large-scale commercial agriculture in LDCs.
Started during imperialism
Core-periphery model?
Coffee, a cash crop of Ethiopia

25. grain farming
Includes corn and wheat, some for humans, others for animals
Wheat is world’s leading export crop.
U.S. & Canadian farms grow ½ of world’s wheat supply.
Done in MDCs (capital intensive)
Midwestern U.S., North Europe, Canada
Requires mild climate

26. Mediterranean agriculture
Near Mediterranean sea and climates with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters
Wheat, barley, and specialty crops (grapes, olives, figs)
Mediterranean, California, Chile, South Australia, S. Africa
Vineyard in Portugal

27. mixed crop and livestock farming
Most common type of farm found in MDCs.
Most crops grown are fed to animals, especially maize, because most income comes from animal product sales
MDCs
Eastern U.S., N. Europe
Cattle feedlot

28. dairy farming / dairying
Near urban areas in northeastern US, southeast Canada, & northwest Europe (MDC’s, capital intensive)
Transport/storage technology, (refrigerated trucks) let dairy farmers locate further from urban market

29. livestock ranching/cattle grazing
Mainly cattle and sheep
Evolution: from semi-nomadic to small ranches to part of meat-processing industry, often in feedlots to increase efficiency
Semiarid or arid lands.
western U.S., pampas region of S. America –Argentina, southern Brazil, Uruguay(primarily for export)., west coast of Latin America & n. Mexico

30. One Hint, Two Hints Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture
Guess the word with one hint, get two points! Guess the word with two hints, get one point. BUT, get it wrong, lose a point…
Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
Extensive Agriculture
Intensive Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation/Swidden Farming
Terracing
Intertillage
Double Cropping
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Plantation Agriculture
Grain Farming
Mediterranean Agriculture
Pastoralism/Nomadic Herding
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Dairy Farming
Livestock Farming