1. © Christine Crisp “Teach A Level Maths” Vol. 2: A2 Core Modules 47: Solving Differential Equations

2. Solving Differential Equations "Certain images and/or photos on this presentation are the copyrighted property of JupiterImages and are being used with permission under license. These images and/or photos may not be copied or downloaded without permission from JupiterImages" Module C4

3. Solving Differential Equations A differential equation is an equation which contains a derivative such as or. e.g. (1)e.g. (2) Solving a differential equation means finding an expression for y in terms of x or for A in terms of t without the derivative. To solve (1) we just integrate with respect to x. However, we can’t integrate y w.r.t. x so (2) needs another method.

4. Solving Differential Equations Before we see how to solve the equation, it’s useful to get some idea of the solution. e.g. (2) The equation tells us that the graph of y has a gradient that always equals y. We can sketch the graph by drawing a gradient diagram. For example, at every point where y = 2, the gradient equals 2. We can draw a set of small lines showing this gradient. 2 1 We can cover the page with similar lines.

5. Solving Differential Equations We can now draw a curve through any point following the gradients.

6. Solving Differential Equations However, we haven’t got just one curve.

7. Solving Differential Equations The solution is a family of curves. Can you guess what sort of equation these curves represent ? ANS: They are exponential curves.

8. Solving Differential Equations Solving We use a method called “ Separating the Variables” and the title describes exactly what we do. We rearrange so that x terms are on the right and y on the left. Now insert integration signs... and integrate We can separate the 2 parts of the derivative because although it isn’t actually a fraction, it behaves like one. (the l.h.s. is integrated w.r.t. y and the r.h.s. w.r.t. x ) Multiply by dx and divide by y. We don’t need a constant on both sides as they can be combined. I usually put it on the r.h.s.

9. Solving Differential Equations We’ve now solved the differential equation to find the general solution but we have an implicit equation and we often want it to be explicit ( in the form y =... ) A log is just an index, so ( We now have the exponential that we spotted from the gradient diagram. ) However, it can be simplified.

10. Solving Differential Equations So, We can write as. where k is positive This is usually written as where A is positive or negative. So, In this type of example, because the result is valid for positive and negative values, I usually use A directly when I change from log to exponential form. Since is a constant it can be replaced by a single letter, k.

11. Solving Differential Equations Changing the value of A gives the different curves we saw on the gradient diagram. e.g. A = 2 gives

12. Solving Differential Equations The differential equation is important as it is one of a group used to model actual situations. These are situations where there is exponential growth or decay. We will investigate them further in the next presentation. We will now solve some other equations using the method of separating the variables.

13. Solving Differential Equations e.g. 3 Solve the equation below giving the answer in the form Solution:Separating the variables: Insert integration signs: Integrate:

14. Solving Differential Equations e.g. 4 Solve the equation below giving the answer in the form Solution: It’s no good dividing by y as this would give which is no help. Instead, we take out x as a common factor on the r.h.s., so We can now separate the variables by dividing by

15. Solving Differential Equations

16. You may sometimes see this written as

17. Solving Differential Equations

18. SUMMARY Some differential equations can be solved by separating the variables. To use the method we need to be able to write the equation in the form ( If the equation has a total of 3 terms we will need to bracket 2 together before separating the variables. ) The l.h.s. is integrated w.r.t. y and the r.h.s. w.r.t. x, so The answer is often written explicitly. The solution is called the general solution.

19. Solving Differential Equations Exercise (a) (b) 2. Find the general solutions of the following equations leaving the answers in implicit form: (a) b) 3. Find the equation of the curve given by the following equation and which passes through the given point. 1. Find the general solutions of the following equations giving your answers in the form : ( This is called a particular solution. )

20. Solving Differential Equations Solutions: (b)

21. Solving Differential Equations 2(a) b)

22. Solving Differential Equations 3. or You might prefer to write as before you separate the variables.

23. Solving Differential Equations

24. The following slides contain repeats of information on earlier slides, shown without colour, so that they can be printed and photocopied. For most purposes the slides can be printed as “Handouts” with up to 6 slides per sheet.

25. Solving Differential Equations e.g. 1 Solving We use a method called “ Separating the Variables” and the title describes exactly what we do. We rearrange so that x terms are on the right and y on the left. Now insert integration signs... and integrate (the l.h.s. is integrated w.r.t. y and the r.h.s. w.r.t. x ) Multiply by dx and divide by y.

26. Solving Differential Equations We’ve now solved the differential equation to find the general solution but we have an implicit equation and we often want it to be explicit ( in the form y =... ) A log is just an index, so We usually use A. So, We can write as. Since is a constant it can be replaced by a single letter. This can be simplified.

27. Solving Differential Equations e.g. 2 Solve the equation below giving the answer in the form Solution:Separating the variables: Insert integration signs: Integrate:

28. Solving Differential Equations e.g. 3 Solve the equation below giving the answer in the form Solution: It’s no good dividing by y as this would give which is no help. Instead, we take out x as a common factor on the r.h.s. We can now separate the variables by dividing by

29. Solving Differential Equations

30. SUMMARY Some differential equations can be solved by separating the variables. To use the method we need to be able to write the equation in the form ( If the equation has a total of 3 terms we will need to bracket 2 together before separating the variables. ) The l.h.s. is integrated w.r.t. y and the r.h.s. w.r.t. x, so The answer is often written explicitly. The solution is called the general solution.