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Structure of Flowering Plants
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You need to know details on…
1. Structure & function of root and shoot systems 2. Root zonations and all outer stem parts 3. Meristem function / location in root & shoot 4. Location of 3 tissue types in transverse and long sections of root and stem 5. Xylem & Phloem structure and function 6. Distinguish between Moncots and Dicots 7. Mandatory Activity….TS Dicot stem
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Objectives 1 Label a diagram of the external parts of a typical flowering plant Shoot, root, stem, leaves, flower, fruit, seed. 2 State the function of the root and shoot 3 Identify tap and fibrous root systems Explain the term Meristem and give its location in the stem and root Name and give the function of four zones in a longitudinal section of a root
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State the function of Vascular Tissue
Give the location of three tissue types, Dermal, Ground and Vascular, in transverse sections of the of the root and stem and leaf Give the location of three tissue types, Dermal, Ground and Vascular, in longitudinal sections of the root and stem. 9 Identify and draw the structure of Xylem and Phloem and state their function 10 Distinguish between Xylem Vessels and Xylem tracheids, and between Phloem Sieve Tube Cells and Companion Cells
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11. Identify Monocots and Dicots under the Headings:
11. Identify Monocots and Dicots under the Headings: Number of flower parts Vein pattern in leaf Arrangement of Vascular Bundles Number of Cotyledons in the seed Woody or Herbaceous 12. Mandatory Practical: Prepare and examine a transverse section of a Dicot stem under the microscope
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What Flowering Plant typically have:
1. Transport (Vascular) Structures 2. Roots 3. Stems 4. Leafs 5. Flowers 6. Fruits & Seeds
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External Structure of Flowering Plants Over ground shoot system
Under ground root system
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Label Diagram of flowering plant
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Root Types 1. Tap Roots One main root growing from the radicle eg Carrot 2. Fibrous Roots Many equal sized roots arising from stem base eg grass 3. Adventitious Roots Roots that do not develop from the radicle. E.g. gripping roots of ivy.
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Root Functions 1. Anchor plant in the ground 2. Absorb Water
3. Absorb minerals 4. Transport absorbed materials to shoot 5. Store food
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Meristem An area of active cell division
Apical meristems are found at the tip of the shoot and tip of the root and give an increase in length Lateral meristems are found around the edges of some plants and give an ìncrease in width
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Four Root Zones Differentiation Zone Elongation Zone Meristematic Zone
Protection Zone
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Root Zones Differentiation Zone
Here cells develop into 3 different types of tissue 1. Dermal tissue 2. Ground Tissue 3. Vascular tissue
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Root Zones Elongation Zone Here cells increase in size
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Root Zones Meristematic Zone
Here new cells are produced by mitosis divisions
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Root Zones Protection Zone
A root cap protects the cells as the root pushes through the soil
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Quiz 1. Name the two types of root system 2. Explain the term Meristem
3. Name the four zones in a root 4. What is the function of the root cap ?
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Tissue location in the root (transverse section)
Dermal Tissue Xylem Vascular Tissue Phloem Ground Tissue
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Tissue location in the root (transverse section)
Dermal Tissue Xylem Vascular Tissue Phloem Ground Tissue
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Tissue location in the root (transverse section) (Center part of root)
Xylem Vascular Tissue Phloem Ground Tissue
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Tissue location in the root (Longitudinal section)
Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue Ground Tissue Dermal Tissue
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Stem Functions 1. Support the arial parts of the plant
2. Transport water and minerals from roots to leafs 3. Transport food from leafs to roots 4. Sometimes store food
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Function of outer stem parts
Terminal Bud Increase stem length Lateral Bud Grow side branches Lenticels Gas exchange
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A= Terminal Bud B= Leaf Scar C= Scale Scar D= Lateral Bud Lenticels
Year 3 C= Scale Scar Year 2 D= Lateral Bud Year 1 Lenticels
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Tissue location in stem (Transverse section)
Dermal Tissue Xylem Vascular Tissue Phloem Ground Tissue
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Tissue location in stem ( Longitudinal section)
Dermal Ground Vascular Ground Vascular Ground Dermal
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Learning Check 2 ….. Label the diagram
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Leaf parts Some leaves do not have a petiole (They are called sessile leaves) Veins contain the vascular tissue
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Leaf Functions 1. Photosynthesis 2. Transpiration 3. Gas exchange
4. Sometimes store food
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Tissue Location in the Leaf
Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue Dermal Tissue
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Flower Function Sexual Reproduction
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Vascular Tissue 1. Xylem 2. Phloem Transport water Function
Transport minerals 2. Phloem Transport food Function
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Xylem Structure….Two types of Cell
Xylem Tracheids Xylem Vessels On maturity both are dead, hollow and contain no cytoplasm Found in conifers Found in deciduous trees
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Xylem Tracheid Structure
Long cells tapered at both ends Pits in the walls – allow water and minerals to move sideways from cell to cell Walls thickened with lignin for support
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Xylem Vessels Structure
Elongated cells Spiral lignin for strength No end walls – form a continuous tube Pits to allow sideways movement of water
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Phloem Structure 2 Companion Cells 1. Sieve tube cells
Mature cells have no nucleus 2 Companion Cells Sieve plates Nucleus controls activities of both companion and sieve tube cell Cytoplasm extends from cell to cell through the sieve plate
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Phloem Longitudinal and Transverse sections
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Example of Monocot and Dicot
Buttercup Grass
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Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem
Differences between Monocots & Dicots Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Number of cotyledons One Two Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem Scattered in the stem In a ring pattern Leaf venation Parallel Netted Number of flower parts In threes In fours and fives Woody or herbaceous Almost all are herbaceous May be woody or herbaceous
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Identification of Monocots & Dicots
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Learning Check 3 1. State two functions of a leaf
2. Distinguish between xylem vessels and xylem tracheids 3. What is the role of the companion cell in phloem tissue 4. How is a transverse section of a monocot stem different to the TS od a Dicot stem ?
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