1. Cell Energy & Enzymes
Ch , Ch. 6 & Ch. 7

2. Cells must create and/or Process Energy using chemical reactions.
ENZYMES:
CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.

3. What are enzymes? Most enzymes are ____________________
Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions
______________________ changed in the process

4. Enzymes ___________ for what they catalyze Are _________
End in “_____”

5. How do enzymes work?
Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the __________________________________

6. The Enzyme–Substrate Complex
Joins

7. Active Site
Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate

8. What affects enzyme activity?
Three factors…

9. Environmental Conditions
Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous
_________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral)
____________________________ (_________________)

10. Cofactors & Coenzymes
Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

11. 2 types of enzyme inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors:
Enzyme
Substrate
Competitive inhibitor

12. 2 types of enzyme inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors:
Enzyme
Substrate
Noncompetitive
Inhibitor
active site
altered

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14. Purpose of Enzymes: 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA) 2.
(ex. digestion of foods) 3.
Enzymes A Fun Introduction:

15. Anabolic Vs. Catabolic Example: Photosynthesis Example:
Anabolic Reactions
Catabolic Reactions
Example: Photosynthesis
Example:
Cellular Respiration

16. Memory trick! A B C D

17. Examples of Enzymes Enzyme Name Job Lipase Breaks down lipids (fats)
Peptidase
Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins)
Lactase
Breaks down lactose found in dairy products
Cellulase
Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls
Pectinase
Breaks down pectin found in cell walls
Polymerase
Builds DNA and RNA

18. Lactose Lactose Intolerance Glucose + Galactose Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
- “Lactose Intolerance”
GHScardinal
greenwich

19. CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things
CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide.
Substrate(s)?
Enzyme?
Reactant (s)?
Product(s)?
catalase
2 H2O H2O + O2

20. OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest

21. Do all organisms have the same optimum temperature for their enzymes?
An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan Salmon
An enzyme found in Bacteria
An enzyme found in Humans

22. The same goes for ______
pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape.
Acidic pH levels:
Neutral pH level:
Basic pH levels:
OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.

23. Do all enzymes in an organism have the same optimum pH?
Amylase
Pepsin
Trypsin

24. DENATURATION (denature):
What happens when an enzyme reaches past it’s optimal temperature or pH?
DENATURATION (denature):
Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!

25. Cell Energy
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration

26. Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
CHLOROPLAST

27. Anatomy of a Chloroplast

28. How does the chloroplast absorb sunlight energy?
Pigments:
Chlorophyll a (green)
Chlorophyll b (green)
Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye.

29. (Into the Chloroplast) (Out of the Chloroplast)
Reactants
(Into the Chloroplast)
Products
(Out of the Chloroplast)
Word
Formula
Chemical Formula

30. Photosynthesis Overview

31. Part 1: Light Reaction

32. Part 2: Calvin Cycle

33. Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment
What is a valid conclusion based on this graph?
O2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm
Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
The algae absorb the greatest amount of O2 in red light

34. Thomas EngeLmann’s Experiment
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
Evidence: 1. 2. 3.
Animation of experiment

35. Photosynthesis Drawings!
Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118
Light Reaction in detail – Page 114
Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

36. Cell Energy
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration

37. Breaks down into microscopic molecules
Loaf of bread
Bread crumbs

38. Glucose’s Final Destination…
MITOCHONDRIA!!!

39. Cellular Respiration
The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!! GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP)
Cellular Respiration

40. Adenosine Triphosphate

41. Glucose ATP ATP: Cellular Activities that require ATP:
Active Transport of the cell membrane
Making new DNA and new cells
Muscle contractions
Nerve impulses
Glucose
ATP

42. ATP Function ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN:
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

43. Reactants Products (Out of Mitochondria)
Cellular Respiration
Reactants
(Into Mitochondria)
Products
(Out of Mitochondria)
Word Formula
Chemical
Formula

44. What type of organisms perform cellular respiration?
Autotrophs
HETEROTROPHS
AKA: producer
Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria
AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore
Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria

45. Cell Respiration Overview

46. Part 1: Glycolysis

47. Glycolysis Summary

48. Transition To Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

49. Part 2: Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle

50. Part 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation

51. Without O2: Fermentation

52. Cell Respiration Reactions

53. Cellular Respiration Drawings!
Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100
Glycolysis – Page 95
Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97
ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98
Fermentation – Page 101
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR

54. Yeast - Major Characteristics

55. Significance of Yeast
Food Industry
Medical
Biofuel Industry

56. Illustrate Interdependence
Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

57. Photosynthesis Performed by organisms.
This cellular process occurs in cells, in the organelle called .
Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy
It is an reaction.
CO2 and H2O are the
Glucose and O2 are the

58. Cellular Respiration Performed by & organisms.
This cellular process occurs in &
cells,
in the organelle called
Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable energy for the cell.
It is a reaction.
CO2 and H2O & ATP are the
Glucose and O2 are the