1. CCD and CMOS Sensors
Craig Robinson

2. Definitions CCD CMOS Charge Coupled Device
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

3. What is CCD and CMOS?
Array of Diodes (photosites) that produce a voltage:
Linearly Proportional to the AMOUNT incident light.
Non-linearly Dependant to the WAVELENGTH
Built out of layers of Silicone
Silicone is sensitive to light
Layers add functionality – different layers perform different functions. (called ‘die’)

4. CCD History Invented in 1970 by Bell Labs
Honeywell developed this into an X-Y scanner and taken further by IBM. Originally for data storage!
Taken up by research and astronomy areas.
Now used in security cameras, digital cameras and virtually all digital video applications.

5. CCD and CMOS Uses

6. CCD vs CMOS More susceptible to noise Light sensitivity is lower
Create high-quality, low-noise images.
Greater sensitivity and fidelity
100 times more power
Require specialized assembly lines
Older and more developed technology
More susceptible to noise
Light sensitivity is lower
Consume little power
Easy to Manufacture
Cheaper
Picture quality, sensitivity and cost vs. Cost and battery life.

7. Types of CCD and CMOS Filter Array Beam Splitters CCD and CMOS Cheap
Easy
Small
Beam Splitters
Expensive
High Quality
One frame required
CCD and CMOS
Rotational Lens
Cheaper
Good quality
3 frames req’d – only stationary objects

8. Properties Resolution: 3.2 Megapixels (2054 x 1056)
Frame Rate: 30 ~ 500 Frames/sec
Dynamic Range: Signal – noise ratio. Dark Signal
Windowing: Enhance Region of Interest
Remote Control: Simple serial characters
Anti-blooming: Bright object saturation.
Interface: Serial, parallel, etc.
Power: 2.5W
Size: 4mm and larger
Cost: $60 and upwards

10. Interfacing Many different options: Requires specific power setup
Serial Transmission
Parallel Transmission
VHF/UHF output
Requires specific power setup
Send Input data to setup:
Auto Gain
Shutter Speed
Power mode, image specs etc
Increasing # of onboard calculations

11. Serial and Parallel
Requires MANY Pulses:

12. Timing

13. Example Add a CCD / CMOS to the robot in the lab.
Robot must wander and clean the your house while you are sleeping.
Choose CMOS due to lower power consumption.
Need high sensitivity for night vision.
Choose the Sharp LZOP3817.

14. Peripherals: Pulse Pattern Generator
Vertical Drivers + DC/DC Converter
CDS - AGC – ADC
CDS (correlated double sampling)
AGC (automatic gain control)
ADC (analog-to-digital convertor)
DSP

15. Board Layout DRAM D 0 -7 LZOP3817 CMOS CHIP DSK6711
(Or micro controller)
DATA
ADRESS
GLUE LOGIC
Horizontal Timing
Vertical timing

16. Manufacturers
Philips
Sharp
Dalsa
Fuji
Sony
Kodak
Polaroid

17. References HowStuffworks: Digital Cameras
Peter McCullough at The University of Illinois (Astronomy)