1. The Philippines A Brief History

2. Map of the Philippines Today

3. I. Early Philippines A. Filipinos are descended from Aeta, Agta, Ati (Negritoes), Tawainese, Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Arab & Spanish

4. I. Filipino Ethnic & Religious Groups

5. I. Early Philippines B. Ancient Filipino rice farmlands in the North C. Farm life D. Outrigger & Fishing

6. II. Spanish Colonization of the Philippines A. 1521 Filipino Colonization began with Ferdinand Magellan B. The Spanish set up the same social class system in the Philippines & the Americas

7. II. Routes of Spanish Conquests/Expeditions

8. II. Spanish Class System in the Philippines Peninsulares Spanish_born in Spain Creoles (Criollos)Spanish born in the Phillipines Mestizoes, mixed with Filipino & Spanish Filipinos, Chinese, Other Asians & Mixtures of Filipinos (Indios) &with other Asian groups

9. III. The Moro/Sulu Enslavement of Filipinos A. Moro/Sulu Slavery began in the southern part of the Philippines between 1770-1879 B. It was the result of a high demand for Chinese tea in Great Britain & the desire to lower Chinese tea prices C. The English decided to take advantage of 2 things:

10. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders D. 1, Moro Pirates that raid Spanish ships & steal guns 2, The Sulu ability to get sea cucumbers, pearls, birds’ nests, tortoise shells (all products that can be traded for tea)

11. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders Birds’ Nest Soup $30-$100 Pearls

12. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders Tortoise Shells Sea Cucumber

13. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Boats

14. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: E. In order to gather enough of these rare products, the sultan decided to use slave labor F. Moro Slave raiders attacked & kidnapped people from: Mindanao’s northern coast Visayas’ coast, Java, Indonesia Luzon’s coastSumatra, Indonesia Borneo’s coastMalay Peninsula Celebes’ coastSulu

15. III. Southeast Asian Slave Routes

16. III. Slave Trade Map Moro Slave Trade Trans Indian Slave Trade Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

17. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: G. Between 20,000-30,000 people were kidnapped from their homes H. Forced to work in caves collecting birds’ nests, diving for pearls & sea cucumbers I. The Sulu Sultan (King) traded birds’ nests,pearls & sea cucumbers to England in exchange for gunpowder, silk & porcelain J. The English traded birds’ nests, pearls & sea cucumbers to China for tea

18. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery:

19. III.Moro/Sulu Slavery: Narrative & Prices

20. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Gathering Birds Nests

21. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery

22. III. Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pearl Divers

23. IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas A. Filipinos came to Mexico from 1565-1815 as sailors, prisoners, adventurers & most commonly slaves on the Manila Galleon B. Filipinos were brought to the Americas to work in the fields, plantations, mines & homes

24. IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

26. C. Mexico 1. Large groups in Colima, Guerrero & Michoacan 2. “China Poblana”, Filipina slave who: a. combined Filipino & Mexican recipes to make Mole b. combined Filipino & Mexican clothes

27. IV. La China Poblana

28. IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas 3. Isidoro Montes de Oca was Filipino Mexico revolutionary: a. who fought alongside Vicente Guererro & Father Jose Morelos. b. La Union de Isidoro Montes de Oca, Guerrero Mexico is named after him 4. Francisco Mongoy was Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro

29. IV. Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

30. V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt) A. Indigenous Filipinos routinely revolted against the Spanish B. Due to high taxation, few rights, etc creoles & mestizos began organizing C. Three priests called “GOMBURZA”, Maraino Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora called for church reforms & civil rights for Filipinos

31. V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)

32. D. Soldiers were forced to pay taxes for the first time & do “polo y servicio” (forced labor) E. On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers & workers also rose up because their paychecks not only reflected taxes, but also “falla” (a tax to be exempted from forced labor)& lost F. The priests “GOMBURZA” were falsely accused of organizing the revolt (by 3 alleged mutineers), along with several other soldiers

33. V. Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)

34. G. February 17,1872 They were executed on Bagumbayan Field H. Some revolutionaries were sentenced to life in prison or exiled to Guam I. Served as the “unofficial” beginning or inspiration for the Filipino Revolution

35. VI. The Philippine Revolution

36. A. Causes of the Revolution: 1. Enlightenment Ideals (Lack of civil rights, racism, democracy, land, education, etc) 2. Unfair Casta System, that favored peninsulares & discriminated against indigenous Filipinos 3. The building of the Suez Canal (1869), opened up trade, education & new ideas on freedom 4. Filipinos were inspired by the Cavite Mutiny (1872) considered “GOMBURZA” to be martyrs 5. Jose Rizal formed “La Liga Filipina” (1892), which split into 2 groups 6. As a result, Filipinos never stopped organizing

37. VI. The Philippine Revolution

38. B. “The Katipunan” (one of La Liga Filipina’s splinter groups) 1. Organized in 1895 by Andres Bonifacio 2. Meant “gathering”, “society” in Tagalog 3. It was a pro-independence Filipino group 4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran & survivor of the Cavite Mutiny joined the group 5. It had a membership of 100,000 by 1896

39. VI. The Philippine Revolution Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

40. VI. The Philippine Revolution C. The Philippine Revolution Begins 1. In August of 1896, the Spanish discovered the existence of Katipunan 2. 1896, Andres Bonifacio started the revolution with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin or “The Cry of Balintawak” which called for an end to taxation & Filipino Independence from Spain 3. The Spanish immediately arrested Jose Rizal

41. VI. The Philippine Revolution

42. 4. Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran of the Cavite Mutiny joins “The Katipunan” 5. On August 29, with 1,000 rebels, “The Katipunan” attacked Manila 6. It eventually spread throughout the country 7. Jose Rizal was publicly executed him on 12/ 30/1896 & became a symbol of struggle

43. VI. The Philippine Revolution

44. 8. Jose Rizal: a. A reformer, activist, writer, artist & doctor b. Wrote Noli Me Tangere (Critical of Phillipine Society) & El Filibusterismo (Critical of Spanish Rule of the Philippines & the Catholic Church) c. Created Maria Clara, heroine of Noli Me Tangere, who has become a symbol of the Philippines d. Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines

45. VI. The Philippine Revolution

46. Maria Clara

47. VI. The Philippine Revolution 9. Emilio Aguinaldo: a. Wins several battles against the Spanish b. Became the leader of “The Katipunan” c. Executes Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false charges) in March1897 d. December 15, 1897, Biak-na-Bato marked the end of The Philippine Revolution e. Exiled to Hong Kong

48. VI. The Philippine Revolution

49. D. The Spanish-American War 1. In 1898 US declared war on Spain over the sinking of the USS Maine. 2. The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in the Philippines May 1. 1898 3. Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines & declared independence from Spain 4. Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Republic & became the 1 st president

50. VI. The Philippine Revolution 1899-1901

51. VI. The Philippine Revolution USS Maine

52. VI. The Philippine Revolution Battle of Manila Bay

53. VII. Pilipino-American War A. The US refused to recognize Emilio Aguinaldo’s government & Philippine Independence B. The Philippines declared war on the US C. The US under General Jacob Smith: 1. In retaliation for the death of 40 of his soldiers, committed numerous atrocities against 2, 500 Filipino men, women & children 2. He was charged with “War Crimes” & removed from the military

54. VII. Pilipino-American War

56. D. By 1902, 4,000 Americans & more than 40, 000 Filipinos were killed E. Filipino resistance continued from 1902-1906 F. The US government agreed to build infrastructure, such as schools, railroads, hospitals, etc G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942- 1945 H. The US government & corporations kept control of the Philippines until 1946

57. VI. Heroes of the The Philippine Revolution Emilio Aguinaldo Andres Bonifacio Jose Rizal

58. VI. The Philippine Revolution

59. VIII. WWII & The Philippines G. The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942-1945 H. The US government & corporations kept control of the Philippines until 1946 I. The Philippines get independence

60. The Philippines Today