1. # Idowu Samuel O. # Kashif Shahzad # Arif Kamal M7001E - Multimedia systems [ltu.se] ©2011

2.  Media using streaming transmission on the Internet ◦ Media streaming don’t have to download whole file before playing.  Approach ◦ Separates media files into different sections by time sequence. ◦ Sends these sections to clients. ◦ Client can watch images and hear sounds continuously by playing these sections

3.  Live streaming Video of an ongoing event delivered as a stream in real-time. After an initial buffer period, client starts to watch the stream.  Video on-Demand (VoD) streaming Client searches a video from some catalogue, after initial buffer, client starts to play the video from the beginning. E.g youtube, Vimeo. YouTube: client-server protocols

4.  Client/server architecture. ◦ Confines the development of operation of media streaming because  Streaming consumes large bandwidth of network and resources of server.  Most servers’ capability can’t satisfy this need. ◦ Quick-Fix  increase the number of server to increase the bandwidth. Requires huge cost and expenditure. There is a need for a better technology.

5.  IP Multicast. ◦ Solves the problem of using large number of bandwidth for multiplex transmission of media streaming. ◦ Send data to specific group of clients at the same time by using multicast; avoids sending data repeatedly. ◦ Saves bandwidth, hence suitable for network media streaming transmission. ◦ Draw-back  Internet is a heterogeneous network,  Different hardware platform; interconnecting equipment that supports multicast is also different.

6.  CDN(Content Delivery Network) ◦ Solution for the media streaming network on large scale. ◦ Adds a new network frame in the Internet so as to publish contents of Center Server to the Edge Server of the nearest client.  Improve the speed of response  CDN can increase information’s transmitting efficiency on the Internet. ◦ Draw-back  Increases the cost and makes the system more complex. Need too many Edge Servers.

7.  Nodes don’t depend on resources of centralized Servers in relative with traditional C/S mode  Each node can communicates with each other directly  dedicated servers are no longer required  Nodes can receive media stream from other nodes and also send media stream to other nodes at the same time  E.g P2P streaming applications: Octoshape and SopCast.

8.  applicable to both live and on-demand streaming

9.  Tree-based system ◦ Hierarchical system, in which media packets originate from a root node, and are forwarded by internal peers to all the nodes in the tree  mesh-based system ◦ Organizes peers in a dynamic mesh, where a peer receives media chunks from multiple nodes.

10.  Larger amount of Buffering Storage  Components of the system (Servers, Trackers, Loggers and Peers)  Segmentation-divide a video into multiple pieces  Replication strategy associated with issues such as MVC or SVC, Prefetch or not and Which to remove  Segments Scheduling focuses on dealing with dispatching and transmitting segments, Prefetching and content discovery may also be included in this topic

11.  Piece selection strategy considers factors like sequential, rarest first, achor based, network coding, worst-seeded-first,  Peer heterogeneity may be caused either by different access networks or willingness of contribution  Overlay building mainly focus at proper network topology building algorithms  Managing of peer dynamicity requires robust and adaptive algorithms to manage change

12.  Best peer selection strategy  Monitoring of network conditions to maximize utilization of available resources and to minimize the packet drop ratios at certain links  Incentives for participating peers otherwise P2P network starts behaving like client-server architecture and it fails due to increasing number of client peers

19. Appropriate video coding scheme Managing Peer dynamicitiy Peer heterogeneity Monitoring of network conditions

20. The prone-error nature of multimedia content makes it highly sensible to the transmission over networks offering non-guaranteed transmission.

21. Since the peers (network nodes) are end-users terminal, their behaviour remains unpredictable. Due to dynamic nature of P2P networks, they are free to join and leave the service at any time without making any prior notification to other nodes.

22. Heterogeneity may be caused either by different access networks connecting the peers, or by difference in the willingness of the peers to contribute. Each sender peers can have a different available bandwidth and that too might fluctuate after the connection is established.

23. The network condition during streaming phase can be changed dramatically due to the dynamic nature of P2P architecture. So, along with the dynamicity management, it is important to monitor the current network conditions regularly.

24. Challenges faced in P2P network Distribution of copyrighted files Security Issues Bandwidth Consumption

25. Several P2P networks sued by music companies and private organizations Users are also targeted Copyright laws limited to few countries

26. Spread of virus, malware, spyware, adware, etc Use of Steganography Spread of null files Peers can be assigned reputation values Pseudo-spoofing & Shilling attacks

27. Bandwidth for existing Internet traffic (2007)