1. The History of the Landscape in Western Art

2. 30,000 B.C. – 850 B.C. Historical Events
10, 000 – 8,000 b.c. - Ice Age Ends
8,000 b.c. – 2,500 b.c. - New Stone Age
Art Periods
Stone Age – Cave paintings, (e.g. Lascaux)
megalithic structures(e.g. Stonehenge)
Egyptian Art – Mostly backgrounds of tomb
paintings

3. 850 B.C. – 476 A.D. Historical Events To 404 b.c. - Peloponnesian Wars
b.c. – Alexander the Great’s conquests
476 a.d – Fall of Roman Empire
Art Periods
Greek and Hellenistic – Greek idealism, balance, perfect proportions – Parthenon
Roman Art – Realism, everyday scenes, mosaics
Roman mosaic. Landscape was a backdrop for figures and animals.
Landscape with scene from the Odyssey, Rome, c B.C.

4. Middle Ages 500 - 1400 Historical Events
793 – 1066 – Viking raids on Britain
1066 – Battle of Hastings
1095 – Crusades
1347 – 1351 – Black Death plague
1337 – 1453 – Hundred Years’ War
Art Periods
Celtic Art – metal artefacts, illustrated religious books e.g. Book of Kells
Carolingian – Mostly religious works created in monasteries
Romanesque – Mostly figurative decoration, landscapes only as backgrounds
Gothic – anti-classical e.g. Notre Dame de Paris
more secular art e.g. Giotto
Notre Dame de Paris cathedral completed 1345
St.Francis giving away his cloak, Giotto

5. 1400 – 1550 Early and High Renaissance
Historical Events
1447 – Gutenburg invents movable type
1453 – Turks conquer Constantinople
1492 – Columbus lands in New World
1517 – Martin Luther and beginning of Protestantism
– Magellan circumnavigates globe
Art Periods
Renaissance – Rebirth of classical culture. Spreads from Italy to France, Netherlands,
Poland,Germany and Britain
Artists include - Botticelli, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, Titian, Durer, Bosch,
Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden
Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx ( ) by Joachim Patinir, Flemish artist
Leonardo da Vinci “Virgin of the Rocks” c
Jan van Eyck (1390 – 1441), Adoration of the Lamb

6. 1527 – 1750 Mannerism & Baroque
Historical Events
1543 – Copernicus proves the Earth revolves round the Sun
1558 – 1603 – Elizabeth I was Queen of England
1618 – 1648 – Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and
Protestants
Art Periods
Mannerism – Succeeded Renaissance. Favours compositional
tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting. Artifice over nature
Artists – Tintoretto, El Greco, Bronzino, Cellini, Breugel
Baroque – Uses exaggeration and clear detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome spreading later to most of Europe. Favoured by Catholic church to communicate religious themes.
Artists – Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin
“The Harvesters” by Pieter Breugel
Landscape with Orpheus and Euridice by Nicolas Poussin 1650
Landscape with Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus – Claude Lorrain 1645

7. 1750 – 1850 Neo-Classical Historical Events
18th Century - Enlightenment intellectual movement
1760 – Industrial Revolution
1775 – 1783 – American Revolution
1789 – 1799 – French Revolution
Art Periods
Neo-Classical – Art that aims to recreate Greco-Roman classicism. Landscapes were mostly just backgrounds for historical themes
Artists – David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova, Robert
Roger rescuing Angelica, Ingres
'The Landing Place' by Robert, 1788

8. 1780 – 1850 Romanticism Historical Events
1803 –Napoleon crowned Emperor of France
1833 – Abolition of Slavery in British Empire
1837 – Victoria ascends to throne of Britain
Penny post established in UK
Spread of railways and Industrial Revolution in Britain
Art Periods
Romanticism – The triumph of imagination and individuality
Artists – Caspar Freidrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Constable, Turner
The Raft of the Medusa, 1818 – 1819 by Gericault
The Haywain, 1821 by Constable
The New Moon, 1840 by JMW Turner

9. 1848 – 1900 Realism Historical Events
1848 – European democratic revolutions
1851 – Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace,; photography included
1854 – Start of Crimean war
1861 – 1865 American Civil War
1863 – Emancipation of US slaves
1870s – Advent of telephone, phonograph and tram
1885 – First motor car (Benz)
Art Periods
Realism – Rustic painting “en plein air” . Barbizon school. Celebration of working class and peasants. Inspiration directly from nature.
Artists – Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
The Gleaners, 1857 by Jean-Francois Millet
Peasant Woman with a Cow by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
The Stone-breakers by Gustave Courbet

10. 1865 – 1910 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism
Historical Events
1870 – Franco-Prussian war
1874 – First French Impression exhibition in Paris
1901 – Queen Victoria dies
1905 – Japan defeats Russia
Art Periods
Impressionism– Capturing the fleeting effects of natural light
Artists – Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pisarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas
Post-Impressionism– A movement which extended the horizons of Impressionism but rejected its limitations especially in terms of subject matter. The Post-Impressionists used distortion, emphasized geometric form sand used unrealistic colours.
Artists – Van Gogh, Gaugin, Cezanne, Seurat
The Cliffs at Pourville by Claude Monet
Mont Ste Victoire by Paul Cezanne
Vincent Van Gogh 'Starry Night' 1889

11. 1900 – 1935 Fauvism, Expressionism
Historical Events
1900– Boxer Rebellion in China
1914 – Word War I
Art Periods
Fauvism – Uses bright colour and flat surfaces, distorted perspectives.
Artists – Matisse, Kirchner, Dufy
Expressionism– Forms distorted by emotion
Artists – Kandinsky, Marc
The Bank by Henri Matisse
The Bay of Angels, 1929, Raoul Dufy
Der Blaue Reiter 1903 by Wassily Kandinsky

12. 1905 – 1930 Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism
Historical Events
1917 – Russian Revolution
1925 – Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
The Stock Market crash, The Great Depression of America
Art Periods
Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism – Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: new forms to express modern life
Artists – Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich
Landscape, 1908 by Pablo Picasso
Le Viaduc de L’Estaque, 1908 by Georges Braque
The Boulevard, 1911 by Gino Severini

13. 1917 – 1950 – Dada and Surrealism Historical Events
Post World War I disillusion
1929 – 38 - The Great Depression
1939 – 45 World War II
Rationing and austerity after WWII
Art Periods
Dada and Surrealism – Unexpected art, painting dreams and exploring the unconscious
Artists – Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo
Nude in the Desert 1946 by Salvador Dali
The Entire City, 1935 by Max Ernst
Le Plagiat (The Plagiary), 1940 by Rene Magritte

14. 1940s-1960s – Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art
Historical Events
Cold War – Russia suppresses revolts in Hungary (1956)
and Czechoslovakia (1968)
1965 – America involved in Vietnam War
1968 – Student revolts in Paris
Art Periods
Abstract Expressionism – Pure abstraction ; expression without form
Artists – Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko
Pop Art – reflection of consumerism
Artists – Warhol, Lichtenstein, Riley
Convergence, 1952 by Jackson Pollock
No. 2, 1962 by Mark Rothko,
Sunrise, 1965 by Roy Lichtenstein

15. 1970 –Postmodernsim and Deconstructivism
Historical Events
End of Cold War
Collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and USSR
Boom and bust economical cycles
Art Periods
Postmodernism /Deconstructivism – Art without a centre ;
reworking and mixing past styles
Artists – Anish Kapoor, Anselm Kiefer, Cindy Sherman,
David Hockney
March Heath, 1974 by Anselm Kiefer
Landscape in Yorkshire, by David Hockney
C-curve , 2007 by Anish Kapoor