1. Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation8
Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation
Cardiovascular System
Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

2. Structure and Function8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function
Heart
Layers of the heart
Endocardium — inner lining of the heart
Myocardium — heart muscle
Epicardium — top layer of the heart
Pericardium — sac holding the heart
Pedagogical note: An animation of blood flow is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus web site.

3. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Heart (continued)
Circulates blood and delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to cells
Right side for circulating blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
Left side for circulating blood to all body systems (systemic circulation (see illustration)
Disposes of waste products
Aids lymphatic system in circulating substances
Pedagogical note: An animation of blood flow is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus web site.

4. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Heart (continued)
Heart chambers
Atria — receives blood
Right atria — deoxygenated blood from venae cavae
Left atria — oxygenated blood from lungs
Ventricles — pump blood to the body
Right ventricle — to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
Left ventricle — through the aorta to the body systems (systemic circulation)
Pedagogical note: You may encourage students to complete TermPlus, the powerful interactive multimedia program to concentrate on reinforcing anatomy and physiology.

5. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Heart (continued)
Valves—prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood
Tricuspid valve — from right ventricle into right atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve — from left ventricle into left atrium
Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve —from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve — from aorta into left ventricle

6. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Blood vessels
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
Have strong muscular walls to withstand the surge of blood at each heartbeat

7. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Blood vessels (continued)
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels composed of endothelial cells
Joining arterial system with venous system
Have thin walls to allow exchange of susbstances between blood and body tissues

8. Structure and Function (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
Blood vessels (continued)
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
Contain valves to help the return of blood to the heart

9. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
What is the main function of the heart?
What structures prevent backflow of blood into the heart?
Pedagogical note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides.

10. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
What is the main function of the heart? To pump blood through blood vessels to all cells of the body
What structures prevent backflow of blood into the heart? Heart valves
Pedagogical note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides.

11. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
List two major functions of the cardiovascular (CV) system.
What function does the CV system perform for the lymphatic system?

12. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
List two major functions of the cardiovascular (CV) system. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to body cells and removal of waste products of cellular metabolism
What function does the CV system perform for the lymphatic system? Aids in transporting excess fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to blood as plasma

13. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
List the four chambers of the heart.
What are the four heart valves and their locations?

14. Structure and Function Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
List the four chambers of the heart. Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
What are the four heart valves and their locations? Tricuspid, between the right atrium and right ventricle; bicuspid (mitral) between the left atrium and left ventricle; pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) at the entrace of the pulmonary artery; aortic (aortic semilunar) at the entrance of the aorta

15. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for:
heart:
atrium:
ventricle:
septum:

16. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
heart: cardi/o, coron/o
atrium: atri/o
ventricle: ventricul/o
septum: sept/o

17. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
vein:
artery:
valve:
electricity:

18. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
vein: phleb/o
artery: arteri/o
valve: valv/o, valvul/o
electricity: electr/o

19. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
fatty plaque:
embolus:
pulse:
muscle:

20. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
fatty plaque: ather/o
embolus: embol/o
pulse: sphygm/o
muscle: my/o

21. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
narrowing, stricture:
blood clot:

22. Combining Forms Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
narrowing, stricture: sten/o
blood clot: thromb/o

23. Complete the Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
forming an opening (mouth) in the septum: /o/
destruction of a blood clot: /o/lysis
pertaining to the ventricles: /ar
tumor of fatty plaque: /oma

24. Complete the Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
forming an opening (mouth) in the septum: sept/o/stomy
destruction of a blood clot: thromb/o/lysis
pertaining to the ventricles: ventricul/ar
tumor of fatty plaque: ather/oma

25. Complete the Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
pertaining to within a vessel: endo/ /ar
inflammation of an arteriole: /
condition of an embolus: /ism
pertaining to the muscle of the heart: /o/ /al

26. Complete the Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
pertaining to within a vessel: endo/vascul/ar
inflammation of an arteriole: arteriol/itis
condition of an embolus: embol/ism
pertaining to the muscle of the heart: my/o/cardi/al

27. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
narrowing of the aorta:
rupture of the heart:
condition (of a heart) without rhythm:

28. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
narrowing of the aorta: aort/o/stenosis
rupture of the heart: cardi/o/rrhexis
condition (of a heart) without rhythm: a/rrhythm/ia

29. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
incision of the ventricles:
condition of a slow heart (beat):
process of recording the heart:

30. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
incision of the ventricles: ventricul/o/tomy
condition of a slow heart (beat): brady/card/ia
process of recording the heart: cardi/o/graphy

31. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
enlargement of the heart:
resembling a pulse:
tumor of a blood vessel:
condition of a rapid heart (beat):

32. Build Medical Words Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
enlargement of the heart: cardi/o/megaly
resembling a pulse: sphygm/oid
tumor of a blood vessel: hemangi/oma
condition of a rapid heart (beat): tachy/card/ia or tachy/cardia

33. Diseases and Conditions8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Arteriosclerosis
Progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries
Commonly caused by build-up of fatty plaque (atheroma)
Illustration: Arteriosclerosis of the carotid artery (Note embolization of plaque that may travel to the brain.)
Pedagogical note: An animation of atherosclerosis is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus web site. 33 33

34. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Arteriosclerosis (continued)
Possibly affecting any artery but most commonly the coronary and carotid arteries
Causes wall weakness, loss of elasticity, and blood clot formation
Pedagogical note: An animation of atherosclerosis is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus web site. 34 34

35. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Arteriosclerosis (continued)
Treatment
Pharmacological
Decrease blood cholesterol level
Control blood clotting
Surgical
Endarterectomy
Vascular bypass surgery
Stenting
Pedagogical note: An “atherosclerosis animation” is available at the Student Resources section of DavisPlus site. 35 35

36. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and weakness on the left side of his body. Ultrasound of his carotid artery shows blockage by fatty plaque. The physician diagnoses this condition as (arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, arteriorrhexis).
Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque build-up from his carotid artery, a surgical procedure called (arteriectomy, endarterectomy, venulectomy).

37. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and weakness on the left side of his body. Ultrasound of his carotid artery shows blockage by fatty plaque. The physician diagnoses this condition as arteriosclerosis.
Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque build- up from his carotid artery, a surgical procedure called (arteriectomy, endarterectomy, venulectomy).

38. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in her left carotid artery. Although not imminent, her physician explained that an excessive build-up of plaque may cause a(n) (myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm).

39. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in her left carotid artery. Although not imminent, her physician explained that an excessive buildup of plaque may cause a (myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm).

40. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Any disorder of the coronary arteries that affects their ability to deliver blood to the myocardium
Illustration: (A) Partial coronary artery occlusion. (B) Almost total occlusion
Pedagogical note: An animation of coronary artery disease is available in the Student Resources section of DavisPlus web site. 40 40

41. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
Most commonly caused by arteriosclerosis
Partial or total occlusion
Partial occlusion — distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function
Total occlusion — distal tissues undergo infarction, possibly causing death
Possible blood clot formation or rupture caused by plaque
Pedagogical note: An animation of coronary artery disease is available in the Student Resources section of DavisPlus web site. 41 41

42. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
Signs and symptoms
Classic signs and symptoms
Anginal pain (See illustration for typical sites of anginal pain.)
Shortness of breath (SOB)
Diaphoresis
Pallor
Pedagogical note: An animation of coronary artery disease is available in the Student Resources section of DavisPlus web site. 42 42

43. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
Signs and symptoms (continued)
Risk factors
Smoking
Stress
Physical inactivity
Family history
Diabetes
Obesity
High cholesterol
Pedagogical note: An animation of coronary artery disease is available in the Student Resources section of DavisPlus web site. 43 43

44. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Quit smoking
Low-fat diet
Regular exercise
Weight and stress management
Pharmacological
Control of angina, hypertension, and triglyceride levels
Anticoagulant therapy, if needed 44 44

45. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
Treatment (continued)
Surgical intervention
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Pedagogical note: An animation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is available in the Student Resources section of DavisPlus web site. 45 45

46. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His diagnosis is (fibrillations, MI, palpitations).
Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The physician tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce the risk of further heart complications. These changes include exercising regularly, losing weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a diet low in saturated .

47. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His diagnosis is (fibrillations, MI, palpitations).
Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The physician tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce the risk of further heart complications. These changes include exercising regularly, losing weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a diet low in saturated fat.

48. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
A 50-year-old male arrives at the clinic complaining of pressure and pain in his chest. After a brief examination, the physician concludes that his symptoms are due to lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, a condition called (infarction, ischemia, necrosis).

49. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
A 50-year-old male arrives at the clinic complaining of pressure and pain in his chest. After a brief examination, the physician concludes that his symptoms are due to lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, a condition called (infarction, ischemia, necrosis).

50. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm
Local dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart due to weakening of its walls
May cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia
Commonly located in the abdomen, chest, or peripheral arteries 50 50

51. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
Three main types (see illustration below)
Fusiform (spindle-shaped)
Saccular (sac-shaped)
Dissecting (separated layers of the vessel wall) 51 51

52. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
Signs and symptoms
Possibly asymptomatic
In a slender patient, a pulsating middle and upper abdominal mass
Mild to severe weakness
Sweating
Tachycardia
Hypotension 52 52

53. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
Treatment
Depends on the size of the aneurysm and likelihood that it will rupture as well as the general physical status of the patient
Surgical treatment for a large unruptured aneurysm
Interventional minimally invasive repair using imaging to guide the catheter and graft inside the artery
Catheter is passed into the femoral artery and directed to the aneurysm
Open surgical treatment, in which a Dacryon graft (synthetic material) replaces the damaged blood vessel 53 53

54. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as (hypotension, hypertension, hypothymia).
During a physical examination, the physician palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's abdomen. This sign is characteristic of a(n) (aneurysm, carcinoma, tumor).

55. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as (hypotension, hypertension, hypothymia).
During a physical examination, the physician palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's abdomen. This sign is characteristic of an (aneurysm, carcinoma, tumor).

56. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. B.'s physician advises him that he has an abdominal aneurysm. The physician explains that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called .
During surgery, the surgeon discoveres a spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a (dissecting, fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.

57. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. B.'s physician advises him that he has an abdominal aneurysm. The physician explains that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called tachycardia.
During surgery, the surgeon discoveres a spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a (dissecting, fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.
Pedagogical note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to suit your course objectives.

58. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins
Twisted, enlarged veins caused by blood pooling from incompetent valves (See illustration.)
Common locations
Lower legs
Esophagus (called esophageal varices)
Rectum (called hemorrhoids) 58 58

59. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins (continued)
Signs and symptoms
Engorged, twisted veins of the legs
Pain
Edema
Skin ulcers
Burning sensation
Itching 59 59

60. Diseases and Conditions (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins (continued)
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Avoiding long periods of standing
Elevating legs as much as possible
Wearing compression stockings
Surgery
Sclerotherapy
Laser ablation
Radiofrequency ablation
Ligation and stripping (in heavily damaged or diseased veins) 60 60

61. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M. noticed an increase in her varicose veins. She now complains of pain that is not relieved when she elevates her legs or uses compression stockings. She will have an injection of an agent that hardens and eventually destroys the varicose veins. This procedures is known as (sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping, laser ablation).

62. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M. noticed an increase in her varicose veins. She now complains of pain that is not relieved when she elevates her legs or uses compression stockings. She will have an injection of an agent that hardens and eventually destroys the varicose veins. This procedures is known as (sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping, laser ablation).

63. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. G. is an 87-year-old nursing home resident who has a history of vascular problems and dependent edema. Recently, he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs. His daughter asked what caused the ulcers. The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a complication associated with (varicose veins, advanced age, skin allergies).

64. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. G. is an 87-year-old nursing home resident who has a history of vascular problems and dependent edema. Recently, he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs. His daughter asked what caused the ulcers. The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a complication associated with (varicose veins, advanced age, skin allergies).

65. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
arrhythmia:
embolus:
hypertension:

66. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
arrhythmia: inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia
embolus: mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in the blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel
hypertension: in adults, a persistently elevated blood pressure that exceeds a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg

67. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
infarct:
ischemia:
stent:
Pedagogical note: To customize or add other slides to your presentation, numerous images are available from the Image Bank or various web sites. You may also wish to use these types of slides in a group project activity during class.

68. Vocabulary Challenge Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
infarct: area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply
ischemia: local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
stent: slender, thread-like device used to hold open vessles, tubes, or obstructed arteries
Pedagogical note: To customize or add other slides to your presentation, numerous images are available from the Image Bank or various web sites. You may also wish to use these types of slides in a group project activity during class.

69. Medical and Surgical Procedures8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
Device implanted in patients at risk for developing arrhythmias (See illustration.)
Monitoring heart rate and correcting tachycardia or bradycardia
Delivery of a jolt of electricity to restart the heart if it stops
Pedagogical note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 69 69

70. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Surgical treatment for coronary artery disease
Grafted vessel anastomosed around a blocked segment of the coronary artery (see illustration) 70 70

71. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Balloon catheter insertion through a small incision
Balloon inflation, pressing fatty plaque to the vessel's sides, widening the opening
Illustration: (A) Catheter insertion. (B) Balloon inflation and widening of opening (C) Balloon deflation (D) Catheter withdrawal.
Pedagogical note: An animation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is available in the Student Resources section of the DavisPlus web site. 71 71

72. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Stent insertion
Scaffolding device used to hold a vessel open
Illustration: (A) Balloon catheter delivering stent. (B) Balloon inflation, compressing plaque and expanding stent. (C) Balloon catheter withdrawal, leaving stent in vessel. 72 72

73. Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
Endarterectomy
Procedure to remove atheromatous plaque from the inner lining of an artery
Illustration: (A) Incision of carotid artery. (B) Removal of plaque. (C) Suture of carotid artery. 73 73

74. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s leg. The surgeon used it to bypass a blocked segment in Mr. C.'s coronary artery. The surgeon anastomosed one end of this vessel to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The abbreviation for this bypass surgery is .

75. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s leg. The surgeon used it to bypass a blocked segment in Mr. C.'s coronary artery. The surgeon anastomosed one end of this vessel to the aorta and the other end to the coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The abbreviation for this bypass surgery is CABG.

76. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. To treat Mr. D., the surgeon proposes an endovascular procedure using a balloon catheter. This procedure will reopen narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow and is known as an (anastomosis, angioplasty, endarterectomy).

77. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. To treat Mr. D., the surgeon proposes an endovascular procedure using a balloon catheter. This procedure will reopen narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow and is known as an (anastomosis, angioplasty, endarterectomy).

78. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Ms. L. presents with complaints associated with stroke. After a complete workup, the physician diagnoses her with hardening of the corotid artery and proposes implantation of a device to hold this vessel open. This device is known as a(n) .

79. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Ms. L. presents with complaints associated with stroke. After a complete workup, the physician diagnoses her with hardening of the corotid artery and proposes implantation of a device to hold this vessel open. This device is known as a stent.

80. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. B. is diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. To treat her condition, the cardiac surgeon will implant an automatic battery-powered defibrillator. This device automatically corrects arrhythmias by sending electrical impulses to the heart. The abbreviation for this defibrillator is .

81. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. B. is diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. To treat her condition, the cardiac surgeon will implant an automatic battery-powered defibrillator. This device automatically corrects arrhythmias by sending electrical impulses to the heart. The abbreviation for this defibrillator is AICD.

82. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The nurse explains that this procedure is known as PTCA, which stands for .

83. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The nurse explains that this procedure is known as PTCA, which stands for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

84. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. S. has suffered with cardiomyopathy for several years and is now experiencing heart failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers from shortness of breath and a very slow heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally slow heart rate as .

85. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mr. S. has suffered with cardiomyopathy for several years and is now experiencing heart failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers from shortness of breath and a very slow heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally slow heart rate as bradycardia.

86. Diagnostic Procedures8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
Cardiac catheterization
Catheter guided into the heart via a vein or an artery (see illustration) for diagnostic purposes, including:
Measuring blood flow through coronary vessels
Measuring intracardiac or intravascular pressure
Obtaining blood samples
Conducting radiological studies 86 86

87. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Painless, noninvasive test that records electrical impulses of the heart using electrodes placed strategically on the body
Impulses displayed as a line tracing on a paper strip with spikes and dips called waves
Wave interpretation used to identify various cardiac irregularities 87 87

88. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
ECG (continued)
Holter monitor
ECG that records electrical activity for 24 to 48 hours (See illustration.)
Identifies irregularities that would be missed with a regular ECG 88 88

89. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
ECG (continued)
ECG stress test
ECG that evaluates heart function under stressful conditions
Performed in a controlled environment
Drug-induced stress
Exercise-induced stress, also called treadmill test (See illustration.) 89 89

90. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Carotid artery ultrasound
Painless screening test that uses an ultrasound probe passed over the carotid arteries
Display of blockage in the carotid artery that places one at risk for a stroke 90 90

91. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Insertion of an esophagoscope fitted with an ultrasound transducer that is guided down the throat
Images of the heart shown without interference from the ribs or other structures
Provides information on the heart chambers and valves 91 91

92. Diagnostic Procedures (continued)8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
Coronary angiography
Radiological procedure that visualizes the coronary arteries
Use of a cardiac catheter to administer contrast medium to the coronary arteries
Images used to identify areas of blockage
Illustration: Coronary angiography with fluoroscopy (real-time images to guide catheterization) 92 92

93. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
record of electrical (activity) of the heart:
process of recording electrical (activity) of the heart:

94. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
record of electrical (activity) of the heart: electr/o/cardi/o/gram
process of recording electrical (activity) of the heart: electr/o/cardi/o/graphy

95. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
process of recording (radiography) a vein:
process of recording (radiography) the aorta:

96. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
process of recording (radiography) a vein: ven/o/graphy
process of recording (radiography) the aorta: aort/o/graphy

97. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
process of recording (radiography) (heart and blood) vessels (after injection of a contrast dye):
pertaining to across the esophagus:

98. Build a Medical Word Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
process of recording (radiography) (heart and blood) vessels (after injection of a contrast dye): angi/o/graphy
pertaining to across the esophagus: trans/esophag/eal

99. Pharmacology Statins Nitrates 8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pharmacology
Statins
Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking enzymes that produce it
Nitrates
Drugs used to dilate blood vessels, increasing oxygen flow to the heart 99 99

100. Pharmacology Thrombolytics Beta-blockers 8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pharmacology
Thrombolytics
Drugs that break up clots and limit damage that may result from vessels blocked by a clot
Also called clot busters
Beta-blockers
Drugs that cause a decrease in heart rate
Commonly prescribed for hypertension
100
100

101. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in her lower leg. Her physician prescribes a drug that dissolves a blood clot, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, thrombolytic).
Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

102. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in her lower leg. Her physician prescribes a drug that dissolves a blood clot, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, thrombolytic).
Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

103. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Three years ago Mrs. S. underwent angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with reccurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening chest pain” the physician prescribes a drug called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To address this problem, the doctor prescribes a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

104. Clinically Related Exercise8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Three years ago Mrs. S. underwent angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with reccurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening chest pain” the physician prescribes a drug called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To address this problem, the doctor prescribes a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).

105. Copyright © 2013 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2013 by F.A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from the publisher.