1. 16.360 Lecture 13 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra Scalars: e.g. 2 gallons, $1,000, 35ºC Vectors: e.g. velocity: 35mph heading south 3N force toward center

2. 16.360 Lecture 13 Cartesian coordinate system x y z A  

3. 16.360 Lecture 13 Vector addition and subtraction C = B+A = A +B, |C| = |B+A| = |A| +|B|, A B C A B C head-to-tail rule parallelogram rule A B D D = A - B = -(B –A), A B D’ = (B-A)

4. 16.360 Lecture 13 position and distance x y z A B D = A - B = -(B –A),

5. 16.360 Lecture 13 Vector multiplication 1. simple product 2. scalar product (dot product)

6. 16.360 Lecture 13 Properties of scalar product (dot product) a) commutative property b) Distributitve property

7. 16.360 Lecture 13 3. vector product (cross product) a) anticommutative property b) Distributitve property c)

8. 16.360 Lecture 13 3. vector product (cross product)

9. 16.360 Lecture 13 Example vectors and angles In Cartesian coordinate, vector A is directed from origin to point P1(2,3,3), and vector B is directed from P1 to pint P2(1,-2,2). Find: (a) Vector A, its magnitude |A|, and unit vector a (b) the angle that A makes with the y-axis (c) Vector B (d) the angle between A and B (e) perpendicular distance from origin to vector B

10. 16.360 Lecture 13 4. Scalar and vector triple product a) scalar triple product b) vector triple product

11. 16.360 Lecture 13 Example vector triple product

12. 16.360 Lecture 14 Cartesian coordinate system x y z dl  

13. 16.360 Lecture 14 Cartesian coordinate system x y z directions of area

14. 16.360 Lecture 14 Cylindrical coordinate system z x y

15. 16.360 Lecture 14 the differential areas and volume z x y

16. 16.360 Lecture 14 Example: cylindrical area z x y 5 3 30 60

17. 16.360 Lecture 14 Spherical coordinate system

18. 16.360 Lecture 14 differential volume in Spherical coordinate system

19. 16.360 Lecture 14 Examples (1) Find the area of the strip (2) A sphere of radius 2cm contains a volume charge density Find the total charge contained in the sphere

20. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to cylindrical transformation

21. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to cylindrical transformation

22. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to cylindrical transformation

23. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to Spherical transformation

24. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to Spherical transformation

25. 16.360 Lecture 15 Cartesian to Spherical transformation

26. 16.360 Lecture 15 Distance between two points:

27. 16.360 Lecture 16 Gradient in Cartesian Coordinates Gradient: differential change of a scalar The direction ofis along the maximum increase of T.

28. 16.360 Lecture 16 Example of Gradient in Cartesian Coordinates Find the directional derivative ofalong the direction and evaluate it at (1, -1,2).

29. 16.360 Lecture 16 Gradient operator in cylindrical Coordinates

30. 16.360 Lecture 16 Gradient operator in cylindrical Coordinates z x y

31. 16.360 Lecture 16 Gradient operator in Spherical Coordinates

32. 16.360 Lecture 16 Properties of the Gradient operator

33. 16.360 Lecture 17 Flux in Cartesian Coordinates

34. 16.360 Lecture 17 Flux in Cartesian Coordinates

35. 16.360 Lecture 17 Definition of divergence in Cartesian Coordinates

36. 16.360 Lecture 17 Properties of divergence IfNo net flux on any closed surface. Divergence theorem

37. 16.360 Lecture 17 Divergence in Cylindrical Coordinates z x y

38. 16.360 Lecture 17 Divergence in Cylindrical Coordinates z x y

39. 16.360 Lecture 17 Divergence in Spherical Coordinates

40. 16.360 Lecture 17 Divergence in Spherical Coordinates

41. 16.360 Lecture 17 Divergence in Spherical Coordinates

42. 16.360 Lecture 18 Circulation of a Vector

43. 16.360 Lecture 18 Circulation of a Vector

44. 16.360 Lecture 18 Curl in Cartesian Coordinates

45. 16.360 Lecture 18 Vector identities involving the curl Stokes’s theorem

46. 16.360 Lecture 18 Curls in Rectangular, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

47. 16.360 Lecture 18 Laplacian Operator of a scalar

48. 16.360 Lecture 18 Laplacian Operator of a vector