1. 3-Terminal Positive Regulators
The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.
Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

2. There are common configurations for 78xx ICs, including 7805 (5 volt), 7806 (6 volt), 7808 (8 volt), 7809 (9 volt), 7810 (10 volt), 7812 (12 volt), 7815 (15 volt), 7818 (18 volt), and 7824 (24 volt) versions. The 7805 is common, as its regulated 5 volt supply provides a convenient power source for most TTL components.

3. Complete specifications at 1A load
Output voltage tolerances of ±2% at Tj = 25°C and ±4% over the temperature range (LM340A)
Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of ΔVIN at 1A load
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short-circuit current limit
Output transistor safe area protection

7. Transformer: isolation and voltage conversion
Diode:rectification
Input capacitor(electrolytic): Filter
Input capacitor(AC): AC Filter
7815: regulator, a constant voltage
Resistance: capacitors to discharge
Output capacitor(electrolytic): to meet high load current

8. The maximum value of the output voltage of the rectifier
The amount of ripple voltage at the capacitor is,
The minimum value of the output voltage of the rectifier
Vdcgmin = Vdcgmax - V
To avoid deterioration of the output voltage
Vdcgmin  Vdcç + 1 V
V = Içmax .Ty / Cg

9. VF : AC rms value
VAK : Voltage drop of diode
Vdcg : Input voltage at the regulator (DC)
Vdcç : Input voltage at the regulator (DC)
Iç : DC output current
a : Transformer turn ratio
V : The amount of ripple voltage at the capacitor
Ty : Half period of the AC main (10 ms)
Cg : Input capacitor

10. To realize 12 V DC power supply, a single phase transformer which is 220/2*12 is used to insulation.
The voltage drop value of the diode is 0,6 V and the input capacitor values is 470 F. The output current is 100 mA ,
  V
Min and max value of the DC voltage