1. 1.1 WHERE DO MOST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD LIVE? ALSO SEE WORKBOOK, PG 248

2.   Over 50% urban. World population today 1.2 Demographic change

3.  World population today  Over 50% urban.

4.   “The progressive mechanization of agriculture in the 19 th century decreases the need for field workers. Unemployed farm workers start trying their luck in the cities, working in new industries. These internal migrations from the countryside to the cities mark the beginning of urbanization. Around 1800, only 3% of the planet’s inhabitants lived in cities. By 1900, it jumped to 15% and by 2008: 50%  This trend continues today ” The rural exodus & urbanization Textbook, pg 58 1.3

5.   Falling death rate  Falling fertility rate  Rising life expectancy  Stabilization of growth  Increasing international migration Main demographic characteristics of less-developed countries TXT: pg 78-79 1.4

6.   Falling birth rate  Population aging  Increasing international immigration Main demographic characteristics of developed countries TXT: pg 78-79 “In developed countries, there are ever fewer workers to pay for the pensions and medical care of aging people, whose numbers are growing. Also, developed countries may find themselves with too few workers in many sectors of their economy. To deal with these problems, they encourage replacement migration; that is, the immigration of people of working age” 1.5

7.   Improvement of health care.  Increase in food and resource production.  Adoption of natalist policies.  Adoption of measures facilitating immigration. So what explains the population growth? & What contributes to it? 1.6

8.   When newborn generations are enough to replace the older generations that die out. What is Replacement Level? What is Fertility Rate?  Average number of children born to a country’s woman during her full reproductive life. So when Fertility Rate is LOWER than Replacement Level…  There is negative rate of natural increase 1.7

9. 2.1 RECAP: SINCE 2008, THE PROPORTION OF WORLD POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES IS… > 50%

10.   NYC, 18 th century 2.2 Urban growth  NYC, 1930s  MIGRATION: MAIN URBAN GROWTH FACTOR  Txt: 98-99

11.   Example: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2.3 Internal Migration in less developed countries: -> Shanty towns

12.   Example: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2.3 Internal Migration in less developed countries: -> Shanty towns

13.   Example: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2.3 Internal Migration in less developed countries: -> Shanty towns SHANTYTOWNS:. On the outskirts of large cities.. Inadequate health infrastructure. Most land occupied by squatters. TXT: pg 100 - 101 2.4

14.   Example: Favela in Sao Paulo, Brazil 2.3 Internal Migration in less developed countries: -> Shanty towns SHANTYTOWNS:. On the outskirts of large cities.. Inadequate health infrastructure. Most land occupied by squatters. TXT: pg 100 - 101 2.4

15.   JOB POSSIBILITIES  MORE HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES  RECEPTION STRUCTURES  PRESENCE OF A DIASPORA 2.5: Why do immigrants choose cities as destinations?

16.   ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED 2.6: Characteristics of districts populated mostly by immigrants Parc Extension, Montreal

17.   CONCENTRATION OF CULTURAL MINORITIES 2.6: Characteristics of districts populated mostly by immigrants Gerrard Street, Toronto

18.   FORMATION OF ETHNIC NEIGHBOURHOODS 2.6: Characteristics of districts populated mostly by immigrants Chinatown, Montreal

19. 3.1 RECAP: TYPES OF MIGRATION: INTERNAL: Within a country EXTERNAL: From one country to another

20.   Mainly young  Mainly from less-developed countries  Generally men  Of working age 3.2: General characteristics of migrants Textbook: Pg. 69

21.   Let’s look at the maps on:  TEXTBOOK: Pgs. 74-75  & WORKBOOK: Pg. 66 3.3: World Migration Flows What do we observe?

22.   Development of transportation and communications infrastructure (TXT 72-73)  Economic globalization (TXT 86-87)  Climate change (TXT 83)  Political problems (80-81) 3.4: What explains increase in world migration?

23.   Geographical proximity (choosing a new country that is close by)  Diaspora (TXT 96-97)  Colonial ties  Cultural characteristics (example: language, religion, worldview) 3.5: Factors that influence the choice of host country LET’S ANSWER QUESTION 7 on WORKBOOK, pg. 71