2. OTTOMAN EMPIRE Islamic empire that existed from the 1300s to 1923. Protected the Muslim world from Christian European empires. Empire gained wealth through trade and controlled much of the Middle East region.

3. See the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT5 Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT5 M

7.  Muslims lost control of their land and trade routes to foreign European western powers (Great Britain and France)  Boundary lines were drawn without considering the ethnic and religious groups already living there, which caused conflicts (Israel)  Struggle for independence  All of the conflicts led to great changes throughout the Middle East

8. ZIONISM

9. PALESTINE Region of land claimed by the Arab Palestinians as their homeland for many centuries. Historic and holy land (modern day Israel) was known as Canaan, land of the Israelites (Jews) and the Kingdom of Israel.

15. “We…shall be compelled to destroy a third of the population in the adjacent lands. We can achieve this by systematic undernourishment which in the end gives a better result than machine guns do. Physically breaking them will be more effective especially among the young.” —German Officer Gerd Von Rundstedt, 1942 Photo: Holocaust Museum

18. ARAB – ISRAELI WARS

19. OVER LAND  Israeli – Arab Wars  Kurds wanting independence from Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq  Iraq invading Iran and later Kuwait for oil OVER RELIGION  Israeli (Jews) – Arab (Muslims) Wars  Sunni Muslims vs Shi’ites Muslims in Iraq

20. BEFORE 1948 AFTER 1948

21. Israeli – Jewish FlagPalestinian – Arab Flag

25. SADDAM HUSSEIN Former dictator of Iraq; removed from power by U.S. forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom; invaded Kuwait in the early 1990s-resulted in the Persian Gulf War

26. The fall of Saddam Hussein http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGJqU0YY CJU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGJqU0YY CJU

27. AUTOCRATIC government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. (like a dictatorship or even a monarchy)

28. PERSIAN GULF WAR 1991 war between the U.S. and Iraq; ended with Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait

29. Here is the Persian Gulf War as it happened from CNN… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlC60Kef9 Mghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlC60Kef9 Mg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NktsxucDv NI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NktsxucDv NI&feature=related

30. What do you already know about the Persian Gulf War?  Who was involved?  What happened?  Where did it take place?  When was this war?  Why was the United States involved?

31.  Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi army invades Kuwait for its oil.  International armed forces led by the United States attack Iraq.  Iraq surrenders and leaves Kuwait.

35.  Overwhelming Coalition victory  Liberation of Kuwait  Heavy Iraqi casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure  Internal rising against Saddam Hussein brutally suppressed  Establishment of US military presence in Saudi Arabia (would later upset terrorist Osama bin Laden)  UN sanctions against Iraq

36. Where were you on September 11, 2001?

38.  http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/video?id=810634 4 http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/video?id=810634 4

39. AL QAEDA After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda (pronounced al-KYE-da) surpassed Hamas and Hezbollah as the world's most infamous terrorist organization. Al-Qaeda—" the base " in Arabic—is the network of Muslim extremists organized by Osama bin Laden. -www.infoplease.com

40. TALIBAN The Taliban ("Students of Islamic Knowledge Movement") ruled Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001. They came to power during Afghanistan's long civil war. Although they managed to hold 90% of the country's territory, their policies—including their treatment of women and support of terrorists— ostracized them from the world community. The Taliban was ousted from power in December 2001 by the U.S. military and Afghani opposition forces in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the U.S. - www.infoplease.com

42.  After 9-11-2001 attack on the World Trade Centers in New York City - U.S. President Bush invades Afghanistan “to root out Terrorism”  The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden, destroy al-Qaeda, and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al-Qaeda.

45.  U.S. wanted to punish and remove the Taliban regime for supporting al-Qaeda terrorists.  U.S. begins campaign known as the War on Terrorism after responding to 9/11 terrorist attacks.  U.S. attempts to capture terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden.

46. OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM invasion of Iraq by the U.S. forces in 2003; Iraq was thought to possess weapons of mass destruction

48.  U.S. military intelligence indicated Saddam Hussein supported the Al Qaeda terrorist organization and was producing weapons of mass destruction.  The invasion launched the Iraq War  U.S. President George W. Bush wanted to: " disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction; end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism; to free the Iraqi people”

51.  After the capture of Saddam Hussein - the people of Iraq had to change their government.  The US had an interest in promoting democracy in the Middle East.  Iraq is now a democratic government today... But why is there still fighting 5 years later?  Saddam IN Power  Saddam OUT of Power

59. UNITARY characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority.

60. CONFEDERATION voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation.

61. FEDERAL characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities.

62. Below are distribution of power examples Saudi Arabia United Nations United States FEDERALUNITARY CONFEDERATIO N Form of government where one central group holds ALL the power. Group of independent states that have a common interest or purpose that SHARES the power. Form of government where power is DIVIDED between one central group and several regional groups. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

63. AUTOCRATIC government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. (like a dictatorship or even a monarchy)

64. OLIGARCHIC government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role.

65. DEMOCRATIC a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people an exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

66. Below are citizen participation examples CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AUTOCRATI C DEMOCRATI C Government where the citizens have all the power either directly or indirectly through free elections. Government where a small group of people who have all the power and the citizen has a very limited role. Government where one person has unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role or rights. OLIGARCHIC Former Iraq Former Taliban Israel and Saudi Arabia Regime in Afghanistan

67. PARLIAMENTARY a democracy having a parliament, a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature.

68. PRESIDENTIAL a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature.

69. Below are democratic government examples DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS ISRAELIRAN PARLIAMENTARY A cabinet (group of people) or Prime Minister elected by the legislature and not the citizens. Legislative branch that makes the laws have a large share of the power. PRESIDENTIAL The President is elected by the citizens and is part of the executive branch, not the legislative branch.

70. DEMOCRACY a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people an exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

71. MONARCHY a form of government in which supreme authority is held by a single hereditary ruler, such as a king

72. THEOCRACY is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler. In a pure theocracy, the civil leader is believed to have a direct personal connection with God. Currently is the type of government in the nation of Iran.