1. NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS IN EUROPE Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. FLOODS

3. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

4. FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS ) Too much water inserted too quickly in the regional drainage system to be accommodated normally by physical processes related to the water cycle. Inundation Erosion Scour Mudflows

5. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

6. DAMAGE INJURIES UNACCEPTABLE RISK COLLAPSE DEATHS LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS RISKRISK

7. EUROPEANCITIESEUROPEANCITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE PROTECTION PEPAREDNESS EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY FIVE PILLARS OF RESILIENCE

8. SOME OF EUROPE’S RECENT NOTABLE FLOODS MODERATE TO LOW MORTALITY AND HIGH ECONOMIC LOSSES

9. MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS IN EUROPE SHANNON THAMES SEINE RHINE SHANNON THAMES SEINE RHINE TAGUS RHONE PO DANUBE ELBE VISTULA TAGUS RHONE PO DANUBE ELBE VISTULA

10. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1910 GREAT FLOOD OF PARIS: FRANCE DEATHS: NONE, BUT $1.5 BILLION MODERN USD

11. THE SEINE RIVER FLOODED CENTRAL PARIS: 1910

12. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1928 THAMES RIVER FLOOD: UNITED KINGDOM DEATHS: 14 DROWNED AND 1000’S HOMELESS

13. THE THAMES RIVER FLOODED CENTRAL LONDON: 1928

14. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1953 NORTH SEA FLOOD: NETHERLANDS AND UNITED KINGDOM DEATHS: 2,142

15. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1959 MALPASSET DAM FAILURE: FRANCE DEATHS: 421

16. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1962 NORTH SEA FLOOD DEATHS: 315 8

17. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1962 BARCELONA FLASH FLOOD: SPAIN DEATHS: 919

18. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1963 VAJONT FLOOD AND LANDSLIDE: ITALY DEATHS: 1,909

19. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1967 LISBON FLASH FLOOD DEATHS: 404

20. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1993, 1994, and 1995 RHINE RIVER FLOODS: NETHERLANDS DEATHS: 4; 1,000,000 CATTLE EVACUATED; LOSSES IN TENS OF MILLIONS USD

21. NOTE: THE NETHERLANDS IS IN REALITY A DELTA OF THE RHINE RIVER

22. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1997 MILLENIUM FLOOD: POLAND AND CZECH. REPUBLIC DEATHS: 98 8

23. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 1998 SARNO FLOOD AND AVALANCHE: ITALY DEATHS: 159 8

24. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 2007 UNITED KINGDOM FLOODS: UK DEATHS: 13 8

25. MAP OF FLOODS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ENGLAND: 15-21 JULY

26. FLOOD IN TEWKESBURY, ENGLAND: JULY 22

28. FLOOD IN GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND: JULY 25

29. FLOOD IN HENLY ON THE THAMES: JULY 25

30. FLOOD IN OXFORD AREA: JULY 25

31. SANDBAGGING IN OXFORD: JULY 25

32. SANDBAGGING: JULY 25

33. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 2009 ISTHANBUL FLOODS: TURKEY DEATHS: 37 8

34. FLASH FLOODS IN TURKEY

36. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 2010 MADEIRA FLASH FLOOD: PORTUGAL DEATHS: 42

37. LOCATION OF MADEIRA

38. WHAT HAPPENED The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday, turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.

39. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges and tearing others down.

40. FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD

41. FEBRUARY 21

43. EUROPE’S NOTABLE HISTORIC FLOODS 2010 CENTRAL EUROPE FLOODS: POLAND, GERMANY, CZECH, REPUBLIC, HUNGARY, ETC DEATHS: 37 8

44. POLAND AND VISTULA RIVER

45. RIVERS BURST BANKS AND BREACHED DAMS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WEEKS OF RAIN MAY – JUNE, 2010

46. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT

47. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLOOD RISK REDUCTION REAL TIME WEATHER FORCASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., STREAM GAGUES) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) REAL TIME WEATHER FORCASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., STREAM GAGUES) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) DATABASES MAPS: 100-YEAR AND 500-YEAR FLOODS FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIOS MONITORING BY DRONE PLANES HAZMAT MANAGEMENT DATABASES MAPS: 100-YEAR AND 500-YEAR FLOODS FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIOS MONITORING BY DRONE PLANES HAZMAT MANAGEMENT

48. FLOOD RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES

49. RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS PURPOSE PREVENTION PROTECTION LAND USE CONTROL PURPOSE PREVENTION PROTECTION LAND USE CONTROL TECHNIQUE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FLOOD CONTROL (DIKES, BARRIERS AND DAMS) ZONING MAPS (BUILD – NO BUILD) TECHNIQUE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FLOOD CONTROL (DIKES, BARRIERS AND DAMS) ZONING MAPS (BUILD – NO BUILD)

50. FLOOD PREVENTION: DIKES IN THE NETHERLANDS

51. FLOOD CONTROL: THAMES BARRIER; LONDON, ENGLAND

52. As a result of floods (e.g., in 1928, 1957, etc), the Thames Barrier project, which was begun in 1974 to control storm surges, was officially opened in 1984.

53. THE OOSTERSCHELDEKERING : THE NETHERLANDS; 1986

54. THE OOSTERSCHELDEKERING (STORM SURGE BARRIER) WAS CONSTRUCTED IN RESPONSE TO THE NORTH SEA FLOOD OF 1953