1. Real-Time Signal Processing: Implementation and Application

2. Contents: What does real-time signal processing mean? Why use real-time signal processing? Platforms for implementation Implementation on Texas Instruments C6711 DSP Applications (concentration on biomedical)

3. Real-Time Signal Processing Ability to collect, analyze, and modify signals in real-time Real-Time: As these signals are occurring In other words, we want to analyze and process signals while collecting them, not at a later time. Signal Real-Time Signal Processor Refined Data

4. Contents: What does real-time signal processing mean? Why use real-time signal processing? Platforms for implementation Implementation on Texas Instruments C6711 DSP Applications (concentration on biomedical)

5. Why Use Real-Time Processing Conventional methods: Data collected at some location Once all of data is collected, it then has to be processed in order to have usable information Quite frequently, data is collected and processed in two separate locations Collector Signal Raw DataProcessor Refined Data

6. Why Use Real-Time Processing Results: Time and money lost Possibility of different machines to do collecting and processing Possibility of even different organizations/companies doing collecting and processing

7. Why Use Real-Time Processing Real-Time Method: Data is collected, analyzed and processed all in one location, on one machine Signal Real-Time Signal Processor Refined Data

8. Why Use Real-Time Processing Results: No cost of money or time on movement of data No cost of separate machines to collect and process Ability to produce results much faster

9. Contents: What does real-time signal processing mean? Why use real-time signal processing? Platforms for implementation Implementation on Texas Instruments C6711 DSP Applications (concentration on biomedical)

10. Platforms for Implementation Four Categories: Software/PC (MATLAB/LabView) Firmware/Hardware (DSPs) Hardware (FPGA/Digital Circuits) System Level Processors

11. Platforms for Implementation Which is Right for Me? FlexibilitySpeedCostPracticality Each type has benefits and drawbacks

12. Platforms for Implementation Software/PC Based Signal Processing MATLAB/SimulinkLabView Numerous other software applications Signal collected by data acquisition hardware Processed by software application

13. Platforms for Implementation Benefits of Software FlexibleResilient Overall easier to use

14. Platform for Implementation Drawbacks of Software ExpensiveSlow Requires additional platform to run on (PC for example) Requires additional hardware to collect data

15. Platforms for Implementation Hardware Programmable Logic Devices Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) Digital Circuits consisting of ICs and other components Signals are collected and processed by hardware

16. Platforms for Implementation FPGA Developers Xilinx (www.xilinx.com) Altera (www.altera.com)

17. Platforms for Implementation FPGAs : Programmable logic chip Thousands of gates

18. Platforms for Implementation Benefits of Hardware FastInexpensive

19. Platforms for Implementation Drawbacks of Hardware Fragile Difficult to use Requires knowledge of all aspects of its functioning and components

20. Platforms for Implementation Firmware/Hardware Based Signal Processing Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Embedded code to run DSP (Firmware) Signal both collected and processed by DSP “Middle of the road” between software and strictly hardware platforms

21. Platforms for Implementation DSP Developers Texas Instruments (www.ti.com) Motorola (www.motorola.com) Analog Devices (www.analogdevices.com)

22. Platforms for Implementation DSPs: Microprocessor specifically designed for signal processing applications Good at arithmetic operations (multiplication/division) Good at arithmetic operations (multiplication/division) Mostly programmed with Assembly and C through Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Similar to writing programs for software applictions

23. Platforms for Implementation Benefits of DSPs Faster than software Less expensive than software More flexible than hardware Easier to use than strictly hardware platforms

24. Platforms for Implementation Drawbacks of DSPs Not as straightforward as software Need knowledge of hardware and how it works (registers/memory map) Need knowledge of hardware and how it works (registers/memory map) Still has some limitations on speed when compared to strictly hardware (CPU overhead/Memory access)

25. Platforms for Implementation Code Generation Applications Mathworks Ability to take code written for applications like MATLAB or Simulink block diagrams and download them directly to a particular DSP platform.

26. Platforms for Implementation Mathworks Real-Time Workshop Generate efficient ANSI C code from Simulink for downloading to a DSP Generate efficient ANSI C code from Simulink for downloading to a DSP Embedded Targets Provides for rapid development and efficient ANSI C code from Simulink for a specific DSP Provides for rapid development and efficient ANSI C code from Simulink for a specific DSP Embedded target for TIC6000 DSP Platforms Embedded target for TIC6000 DSP Platformswww.mathworks.com

27. Platforms for Implementation Embedded Target for TIC6000 DSP Platforms

28. Platforms for Implementation System Level Processors Hardware systems that work with MATLAB/Simulink Enable simulation of real-time systems along with implementation in hardware Opal-RTdSpace

29. Platforms for Implementation Opal-RT Simulators for mostly power and control applications Aerospace Aerospace Automotive Automotive Power Systems Power Systems Industrial Industrial Robotics and Controls Robotics and ControlsRT-LAB

30. Platforms for Implementation RT-Lab Real-Time simulation Ability to transfer product developed through simulation to embedded target Works with Simulink and LabView Compatible with programming languages such as Visual Basic and C++ www.opal-rt.com

31. Platform for Implementation RT-Lab

32. Platforms for Implementation dSpace IDE to develop control systems in real-time TargetLinkwww.dspace.de

33. Platforms for Implementation TargetLink Convert MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow model specs into efficient ANSI C code.

34. Platform for Implementation TargetLink

35. Contents: What does real-time signal processing mean? Why use real-time signal processing? Platforms for implementation Implementation on Texas Instruments C6711 DSP Applications (concentration on biomedical)

36. TI C6711 Overview In form of development kit (DSK) for development purposes DSK includes supporting hardware such as A/D conversion, External Memory Interface (EMIF), parallel port connection, etc. Member of TI C6000 family of DSPs High Performance DSPs Performance audio and imaging applications

37. TI C6711 Overview TI C67xx DSP Floating point DSPs 100-, 150-, 167-, 200-MHz clock 600 – 1350 MFLOPS VLIW Architecture Highly parallel Highly parallel Emphasizes maximum code perfomance Emphasizes maximum code perfomance

38. TI C6711 Overview TI C67xx DSP Orthogonal multiplier and arithmetic units provide many execution resources to the assembler and compiler optimizer Total of eight functional units are allowed to run in parallel or serial/parallel combination Results: Fewer program fetches, smaller code size, and a reduction in power consumption

39. TI C6711 Overview C6711 DSK

40. TI C6711 DSK Data/Program Memory 32Kbits L1D Cache (Direct), 32Kbits L1P Cache (2-Way set associative), 512Kbits L2 RAM/Cache 16 channel EDMA 32 bit EMIF 2 Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports (McBSPs) 1.8V core supply/3.3 V IO supply

41. Implementation on C6711 DSK Code written, compiled/assembled and built on PC in IDE and downloaded through parallel port to DSK DSP stores code in different sections for memory as directed in linker command file External RAM, Stack, Internal RAM (Cache), etc. IDE: Code Composer Studio (CCS)

42. Implementation on C6711 DSK Code Composer Studio (CSS) IDE specifically designed for TI DSPs Allows programmer to use Assembly, C, or even C++ In-line assembly is another option (higher level assembly) Code optimization Assembly/In-line Assembly: 100% Assembly/In-line Assembly: 100% C: 80-100% C: 80-100%

43. Implementation on C6711 DSK Code Composer Studio DSP/BIOS Gives programmer many avenues of insight into program performance Gives programmer many avenues of insight into program performance Animation of graphs Clock cycle counter Profiler to locate bottlenecks Real-Time Data Exchange (RTDX) DSP will transfer data to PC in real-time DSP will transfer data to PC in real-time Only minor code adjustments necessary Only minor code adjustments necessary

44. Implementation on C6711 DSK Code Composer Studio

45. Implementation on C6711 DSK Implementation Example Signal acquired from outside source through A/D conversion and McBSP int x = McBSP_read() int x = McBSP_read() Discrete signal value is then processed accordingly Several input values may need to be buffered for a time Several input values may need to be buffered for a time DSP sends processed signal through McBSP and D/A converter to output jack McBSP_write(y) McBSP_write(y)

46. Contents: What does real-time signal processing mean? Why use real-time signal processing? Platforms for implementation Implementation on Texas Instruments C6711 DSP Applications (concentration on biomedical)

47. Applications Very broad AerospacePowerAutomotive Control systems Biomedical

48. Biomedical Applications Large amounts of signals are produced by the human body (heart, brain, etc.) Real-time signal processing can enable us to understand the meaning of these signals as they are occurring. Results in better testing methods, better diagnoses, prevention of fatal events.

49. Biomedical Applications Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) Testing Auditory testing (focus on infants) Two sinusoids (f1, f2) introduced into the inner ear (f2 = 1.2*f1) Cochlea returns low level emission at frequency fd = 2*f1-f2 Want to be able to locate this frequency among input sine waves and noise

50. DPOAE Conventional testing methods involve long testing periods to collect enough data as well as the necessity for a noiseless environment DPOAE Method Fast technique (real-time) High noise immunity (due to Dr. Ziarani’s method of extraction of non-stationary sinusoids)

51. DPOAE DPOAE Implementation (Software) Real-time simulations done in MATLAB/Simulink environment Electronic data sets used Electronic data sets used Implementation in MATLAB/Simulink environment through data acquisition hardware Clinical probe system from Etymotic Research (www.etymotic.com) Clinical probe system from Etymotic Research (www.etymotic.com) Data Acquisition Board from National Instruments (www.ni.com) Data Acquisition Board from National Instruments (www.ni.com)

52. DPOAE Implementation Next Step: DSP Clinical prototype to perform DPOAE testing Same probe system from Etymotic Research Texax Instruments C6711 DSP

53. DPOAE Implementation Results: Low cost, fast, reliable means to test the auditory response of humans in real-time