1. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section1 How Many Ways Can You Count Your Ks? Siegfried Heep Modern VideoFilm ASC / SMPTE Meeting, November 14, 2006

2. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section2 Topics to be Covered What is a Pixel? What is a K? DPX File Format Film Camera Apertures Projectable Image Area SDI - Serial Digital Interface Motion Picture Camera Imaging Sensors

3. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section3 What is a Pixel? Picture Element Pixel Counts Pixel Properties

4. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section4 Pixel Count, What is a K? Kilo - metric modifier, one thousand units - kilogram, kilometer, kilobyte, K (pixels) Like kilobytes, pixels are binary addressed, usually, one K = 1024 instead of 1000 2048 = 2K 4096 = 4K 8192 = 8K 1920 = 1.9K 7680 = ?

5. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section5 2K or 4K Pixel Counts 2048 pixels wide 4096 pixels wide 3 vs. 12 Mega pixels (quadruple the amount) With square pixels, the width by the height is the Aspect ratio. 2048 by 1556 = 1.32 to 1 1920 by 1080 = 1.78 to 1

6. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section6 Pixel Properties Components of color – RGB, or YCrCb Bit depth per component –8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, 16 bit Color Primaries and White Point Level Scaling (data range) –Video Level Scaling (with data Headroom) at 64-940 or Full Range (computer Graphics levels) Tonal curve (gamma) –gamma, linear, “ log ”, printing density

7. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section7 low highclipped applied twice Picture is derived from NIST test frame VIDEO LEVEL SCALINGGAMMA CURVE Examples of changing settings

8. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section8 Typical Pixel Properties HD D-Cinema

9. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section9 Clear the palate with some nice fresh sorbet.

10. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section10 DPX File Format, Digital Frame SMPTE Standard 268 for storing digital images widely used for Digital Intermediate and Visual FX “ log ” - actually printing density, like Cineon “ lin ” - actually a gamma setting A bunch of pixels 10 bit Integer numbers (Code Values 0 - 1023)

11. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section11 Film Camera Apertures SMPTE Standard 59 physical dimensions on film width A =.866 inches width A =.981 inches Style A: with sound (academy aperture) Style B: with sound (anamorphic) Style C: no sound (full ap)

12. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section12 Negative Film Scanning Cineon (Kodak) Quarter resolution - 2K context width A =.866 inches width A =.981 inches Physical dimensions on film equal pixel counts in digital 1 pixel =.0004724 inches 220 pixels = sound track area 1828 pixels =.864 inches 2048 pixels =.968 inches 1920 pixels = HD

13. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section13 Projectable Image Area SMPTE Standard 195 width A =.825 inches 1746 pixels =.825 inches 1956 pixels =.924 inches The actual film image area that is projected may be smaller... keystoning (see note 2 in SMPTE 195) Image area is intended for projection Rest of film is intended for NOT projection usually matches the Ground Glass lines

14. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section14 SDI - Serial Digital Interface SMPTE Standards 292 and 372 for connecting equipment 4:2:2 is single link - 1.5 Gigabit / sec. 4:4:4 is dual link - 3 Gigabit / sec. HSDL is at half frame rate (not SMPTE) A stream of pixels 10 bit Integer numbers (Code Values 4 - 1019)

15. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section15 4:4:4 or 4:2:2 4:4:4 is RGB or YCrCb YCrCb is an intermediate format to and from RGB 4:4:4 YCrCb 4:2:2 interface 4:2:2 is always YCrCb 4:2:2, some of the pixels have no chroma –Chroma is sub-sampled Y is luminance, a monochrome gray-scale Cr and Cb are rectangular coordinates that identify the color

16. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section16 Motion Picture Camera Imaging Sensors Film 3-chip Bayer - mosaic Color Striped Foveon

17. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section17 Film Randomly located photon sensors (film grain, dye clouds) Focal plane established for commonly used lenses Pictures are from Kodak publications H-1 and H-188 Layers Co-sited colors

18. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section18 3-Chip Uniformly positioned photon sensors Focal Plane different than Film - therefore different lenses Prism splits the light into colors –3 paths onto 3 chips Co-sited colors Picture is derived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroic_prism TRICHROIC PRISM ASSEMBLY

19. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section19 Bayer Pattern Mosaic pattern of single color photo-sites –4K? Over-sampled Single chip Focal Plane can be the same as Film - use the same lenses Not Co-sited colors –Bayer Post Processing to RGB (de-mosaic) RAW IMAGE SENSOR PATTERN AFTER PROCESSING

20. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section20 Color-striped Striped pattern of single color photo-sites –6K? Over-sampled Single chip Focal Plane can be the same as Film - use the same lenses Not Co-sited colors –Processing to RGB RAW IMAGE SENSOR PATTERN AFTER PROCESSING

21. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section21 Foveon Uniform pattern of photo-sites –Placed at different layer depths Single chip Focal Plane could be the same as Film –Use the same lenses Layers - Colors filtered in the silicon Co-sited colors Not currently used for motion picture cameras - (yet?)

22. November 14, 2006SMPTE Meeting, Hollywood Section22 Thank You Thank you to Michael Will at Modern VideoFilm for helping with the pictures. If the participant becomes aware of the technology, the dream is shattered. –unknown