1. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Innovative technologies for condition assessment and monitoring of concrete Richard Haskins ERDC - Vicksburg (601) 634-2931 Richard.W.Haskins@erdc.usace.army.mil

2. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Overview: Quick Summary of concrete Non-Destructive Testing - Including Findings and Discoveries at ERDC Partial plans of the Condition monitoring and assessment work unit

3. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Concrete NDT is needed to: To detect and/or characterize non-visible conditions To gather data that is objective and quantitative To facilitate improved destructive testing (such as determining coring locations)

4. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center What goes wrong with concrete and Why Condition Potential Cause Honeycombing and voids poor consolidation Delaminations corroding rebar (road salt) Ungrouted tendon ducts placement problems Internal cracking Mechanical stress Material deterioration Freeze Thaw damage Alkali-silica reaction Chemical reaction NDT data generally alerts us that something is wrong but it does not always characterize the condition !

5. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center 0 0 Frequency Hollow sound (Tympanic Response) Sounding (resonance) and Visual inspection are the standard for most inspection programs Applied energy Resonant energy

6. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Instrumentation components (digitizer, impactors, sensor) = 2 * thickness = velocity frequency Free Plate Resonance Easily applied to Simple Geometries

7. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Resonance Based System Spectral signature characterization

8. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center T Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity uses high frequency stress waves T T T R R R R L Travel path Shortest time Longer times No arrival T = Transmitter R = Receiver Velocity = distance / time 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Compressive Strength, psi 9.510.511.512.513.514.5 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, fps x 10 3 Standard Deviation 20% Strength-Velocity Correlation

9. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center ERDC findings regarding ultrasonic through transmission Pulse Amplitude is better than Pulse Velocity for The detection of flaws such as honeycombing and parallel cracking ( ERDC Test demonstrated two orders of magnitude) The oil filled transducer design used in the past Produce tremendous penetration gains when combined With modern PZT elements (>66 dB ) Signal processing techniques such as Tomography Can assist in localizing and characterizing damage (Diffraction based tomography is still needed)

10. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Charge Hole Velocity ft/sec Sources Receivers Tomographic imaging will likely advance future acoustical imaging for concrete (CAT-Scan) Tomogram From Blast Damaged Specimen

11. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Disbond Eleven-axis Immersion scanning system being applied for through transmission imaging

12. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Ultrasonic Reflection Image Photograph Weak Aggregates detected Entrapped Air and microcracks Acoustics are very sensitive to mechanical properties water This method is Applicable to Cores or Saw-cut specimens

13. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Using specialized equipment it is Possible to make ultrasonic echo measurements and perform Scanning of concrete (non-commercialized technology) 00.511.5 x 10 -4 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Time (Seconds) 9 “ echo Normalized Magnitude

14. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Various thickness scans

15. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center 051015202530 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Depth (inches) Distance across surface (inches) Ultrasonic B-Scan of an 8-Inch Concrete Bridge Deck

16. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center 00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 ( K Hz ) FREQ SPLIT SPECTRUM PROCESSING (Non-linear Filtering) time Frequency Recombined (minimum abs) Amplifies: Broadband phase Coherent data

17. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Time of Arrival = 1.46 milliseconds UPE through 10-feet of Concrete By Spatial Averaging Technique (enhances compressional wave While averaging out surface waves) 15-feet 10 ft trans receiver

18. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Common Difficulties with testing large concrete structures a) Lack of Two sided access b)Backwall Reflecting surface too deep c)Large Aggregate (scattering ~ wavelength) d)Surface Deterioration Conventional structural elements Mass Concrete

19. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Partial Plan for the Condition monitoring and assessment work unit Develop or Examine better tools for site inspectors -Low cost and practical to use Evaluate performance of an Instrumented core rig - for determining deteriorated concrete strength as a function of depth Perform better inspection of cores using NDT prior to DT - Evaluate non-linear resonance spectroscopy -Scanned echo and through transmission on cores -Evaluate Tensile testing as damage indicator Develop / Evaluate sensor package to be grouted into core hole - measurement along key axis using proven technology PI: Dr. Stan Woodson

20. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Need tools for improved Quantification of surface damage/deterioration Approx 4 inches Deep

21. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Line Lasertarget USB cam Raw Video Frame System Setup and Preliminary Data Holes in Top of brick Fingers (moving target) Final Image plane Composite data from Frame integration Processing steps: Adjust camera settings to show only laser beam Collect video during target translation (fixed camera and light ) For each frame and Y position determine x position of beam edge Generate composite of x positions (below: y-axis is Frame count) Remove linear trends Y X Low Cost Topography

22. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Global Minimum High points detected High points detected Laser camera

23. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Alternate Visualizations -1/8 inch

24. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Conceptualized System Reference Target To Calibrate Cross-range And depth Reference Target To Calibrate Cross-range And depth usb lasercam Objectives: Determine material topography Referenced for chronological analysis Determine out of plane displacements

25. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Pan Head (valve actuator) Fractured Concrete Surface (splitting Tensile)

26. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Related plans include: Practical methods to mosaic detailed 2d and 3d images Imaging and processing methods to improve crack mapping - Show small cracks - Determine crack growth between inspections

27. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Application of Standard Image Processing operations to better show damage

28. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center a b c Existing core rigs can be retrofited in ½ hour Performance constantly improves via correlation on Destructive tests on the collected cores Low-cost, Simple, and robust concept Instrumented Core Rig (energy consumption ~ concrete strength) Parts: a Weight b Real power Meter c string-pot

29. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center 34749.035bad 40322.581good wat.sec/inch 0.000 900 W 700 W 34.7 kWs/” 40.3 kWs/”.025 “/sec.018 “/sec Feed Rate power Composite Is product (kWatt x seconds )/ inch Bad material Good material (F&T damage) Initial results show Excellent agreement With destructive test (linear fit) a b c bad good Initial data from First Prototype System strength Core energy Time

30. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Non-linear resonance spectroscopy To detect and quantify microscopic damage AMP specimen Correlated to Destructive test data To determine Structural Significane

31. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Instrumentation grouted into core hole Candidate Sensor: Carlson Strain meter Core hole Notches Honed in side Sensor Package Final Realization (Recessed electrical terminals) Objective: Get the sensor Oriented in the Right Dimension F&T cracks

32. US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center Questions