1. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. 2 FOUNDATIONS F OUNDATION R EQUIREMENTS

2. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundation Requirements Foundations Must transmit building loads to the rock or soil on which it rests

3. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundation Requirements Foundations Deal loads are permanent. Live loads change over time.

4. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundation Requirements Foundations Must not allow building collapse July 2004 SAI building, Manila

5. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundation Requirements Foundations Must control settling Uniform settlement: May disrupt building services entrances or site elements at the building/site interface Differential settlement: May cause damage to finishes, cladding, and other components where building becomes distorted.

6. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundation Requirements Foundations Must be economically and technically feasible Must not have adverse affects on surrounding structures

7. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. 2 FOUNDATIONS E ARTH M ATERIALS

8. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Classifying Earth Materials Particle size Moisture content Presence of organic content

9. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Classifying Earth Materials Rock: Continuous mass of solid mineral material Generally, the strongest, most stable of earth materials Strength varies with mineral content and physical structure Soil: Particulate Properties vary with particle size and shape, mineral content, and sensitivity to moisture content

10. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Particle Size Boulder: Too big to lift with one hand Cobble: Can be lifted in one hand Gravel: individual particles can be lifted between thumb and forefinger Sand: particles too small to be individually lifted between fingers

11. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Particle Size Sand and gravel: coarse-grained soils

12. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Particle Size Individual silt and clay particles are too small to see with the unaided eye. Silt: Roughly spherical in shape Clay: Smaller than silt, plate-shaped

13. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Particle Size Silt and clay: fine-grained soils

14. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Organic Soils Peat, topsoil and other soils with plant matter and other organic content Generally weak, unstable, and not suited for supporting building foundations

15. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Unified Soil Classification System Coarse-grained sands and gravels

16. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Unified Soil Classification System Fine-grained silts and clays Organic soils

17. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soil Properties Coarse-Grained Soils Cohesionless, strength depends on friction and interlocking of adjacent particles or shear strength When unconfined, have little strength

18. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Coarse-Grained Soils Properties little affected by moisture content Free-draining: Good for draining water away from foundations and substructures or from under slabs on grade and pavements Soil Properties

19. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Fine-Grained Soils Smaller particle size makes them less free draining More sensitive to moisture: Properties and strength vary with moisture content Soil Properties

20. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soil Properties Clays Very small particles Electrostatic forces cause particles to stick together: cohesive

21. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soil Properties Clays Properties vary with moisture content and mineral composition Some are highly expansive when wetted Some are virtually impervious to water Some clays are subject to consolidation, or gradual compression over time

22. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Liquefaction Some saturated sands and silts will lose all strength and flow like a liquid when subject to seismic forces Soil Properties

23. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soil Gradation Well graded soil (left): wide distribution of particle sizes

24. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soil Gradation Well sorted soil (right): Limited range of particle sizes More void space; more free draining

25. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soils for Foundations Strength: Generally, the larger the particle size, the stronger the soil

26. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soils for Foundations Moisture sensitivity: Coarse-grained soils, less sensitive to moisture content, are more stable.

27. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Soils for Foundations Imported soils: Brought from off site General purpose fill for raising grade: well-graded, coarse grained soil Drainage fill around foundations or under slabs: Gap graded or uniformly graded gravel with good drainage characteristics

28. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earth Materials Exploration and Testing Geotechnical reports describe soils and properties, derived from: Test pit samples Boring samples Laboratory testing

29. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. 2 FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATION

30. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Excavation Support Sloped or benched excavation is less expensive than sheeted excavation, but requires a site without nearby property lines, adjacent structures, or other limits on excavation.

31. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Excavation Support Tiebacks leave the excavation unencumbered. Eventually, completed building foundation takes on role of resisting soil pressures.

32. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Soldier Beams and Lagging

33. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Soldier beams and shotcrete braced by rakers, followed by waterproofing and cast in place concrete foundation wall

34. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Steel Sheet Piling

35. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Soil mixing Columns of soil strengthened with portland cement and water are created prior to excavation.

36. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Soil mixed slope support, with soldier beams, walers, and tie backs

37. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Dewatering Simple: pump water from pits (sumps) in the excavation

38. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Higher volumes of water: use well points or barrier wall

39. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Earthwork and Excavation Well points, header pipe, and dewatering pump

40. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. 2 FOUNDATIONS F OUNDATIONS

41. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Shallow footings occur close to the bottom of the substructure. Deep footings extend to deeper, more competent soil.

42. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Column Footing

43. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Wall (Strip) Footing

44. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Slab on grade Crawlspace Basement

45. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Mat Foundation Close to bottom of substructure …

46. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations …but often quite deep. (Note tiebacks and rakers.)

47. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Deep Foundations Where the soils directly below the building substructure are weak or unstable, deep foundations transmit building loads to deeper, more competent, soils.

48. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Piers (Caissons) Drilled into earth Right: Steel reinforcing is being lowered into the drilled hole. Next, concrete will be poured.

49. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Piles Driven into the earth May be made of steel, wood, or precast concrete (pictured here).

50. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Pile Cap Share loads among clustered piles Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 by J. Iano. All rights reserved.

51. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Grade Beam Spans between the pile caps or piers, to provide continuous support for the wall above

52. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Reinforcing bars project from the tops of completed drilled piers. Gravel is being deposited between the piers, to form a base for concrete grade beams which will span between the piers.

53. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Minipiles (Pin Piles) Pressed or rammed into place Used here for soil stabilization.

54. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Helical Piles (Screw Piles) Augered into place

55. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Rammed aggregate piers Ground improvement Permits shallow footings to be used where deeper types would otherwise be required.

56. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Foundations Underpinning Building super- structure is temporarily supported on cribbing while new foundations are built.

57. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. 2 FOUNDATIONS W ATERPROOFING AND D RAINAGE

58. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Drainage Drainage mat and free- draining backfill material allow ground water to flow downward where it is collected by drain piping.

59. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Drainage The machine in the foreground is used to compact the fill material as it is placed in lifts roughly 6 inches deep at a time.

60. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Drain Piping Perforated piping conducts water away from the substructure.

61. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Filter fabric “socks” cover the piping to prevent soil particles from accumulating in and eventually clogging the pipes.

62. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Dampproofing Moisture- resistant

63. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Waterproofing Prevents passage of water even under hydrostatic pressure.

64. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Waterstop Stops water passage through joints at separate concrete pours.

65. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 6 th Edition Copyright © 2013 J. Iano. All rights reserved. Waterproofing and Drainage Typical Section Drainage fill Drain mat Drain piping Waterproofing membrane