1. Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

3.  Activated sludge processes Fixed film and suspended processes  Aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic processes modifications.  Nutrient removal nitrification / denitrification, phosphorous removal  Water reuse and reclamation membrane bioreactors  Disinfection  Satellite and On-site Wastewater Treatment 3

4. 4 Wastewater Contaminants ‣ Bacteriological, Vibrio Cholerae, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, ‣ Viruses Hepatitis A, Norovirus ‣ Protozoan Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba ‣ Biological oxygen demand Organic matter causes algae to thrive and deplete dissolved oxygen ‣ Nutrient removal to prevent eutrophication Nitrogen and phosphorus from waste, and agriculture

5. 5 MeasurementValueUnits Total Suspended Solids (TSS)210mg/L BOD190mg/L TOC430mg/L COD140mg/L Organic Nitrogen15mg/L Free Ammonia25mg/L Nitrite/Nitrate0/0mg/L Phosphorous7mg/L Total coliform10 7 -10 9 colonies/100mL Fecal coliform10 4 -10 6 colonies/100mL Cryptospiridium oocysts0.1-10no./100mL Giardia Lamblia0.1-100no./100mL Source: Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf and Eddy- medium strength WW

6. 6 ‣ Testing for pathogens directly is expensive and hazardous ‣ Indicators from the family Enterobacteriacae are used (E. Coli, Citrobacter,Enterobacter, Klebsiella) ‣ Grow bacteria on a specified medai and count the number of colonies after incubation ‣ Other assays are used and are approved by the US EPA (Colilert shown)

7. 7 Fixed film process Primary settling Screens Sludge drying Grit removal Digester

8. 8 Treated Water Waste Water Facultative/Anaerobic Bed Media Aerobic  100µm ~1 mm Biofilm

9. 9 Trickling filter Uses biofilm to treat water to remove BOD

10. 10 BOD 5 removal rates for trickling filters Filter TypeHydraulic loading m 3 /m 2 day BOD5 Removal (%) Low Rate1-480 - 90 Intermediate4-1050 - 70 High Rate10-4065 - 85 Roughing Filter 40 - 65 Source: Environmental Engineers Handbook, 1997.

11. 11 Anoxic – no dissolved oxygen Waste Water Aerobic Treated Water Activated Sludge Anoxic sludge Return activated sludge Coagulation Clarifier

12. 12 Aerobic Conditions Anoxic Conditions BOD + O 2 CO 2 + increased cell mass NO 3 Organic N NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 N2N2 Aerobic Conditions P increased cell mass Anaerobic/Aerob ic Conditions Alum organic sludge inorgani c sludge

13. 13 ‣ Use forced air suspension of biological sludge to reduce BOD ‣ Largest expense for this process is the electrical energy required

14. 14 Anoxic Basin Sedimentation Final Clarification Aerobic Basin Activated Sludge Process Stages

15. 15 Anaerobic sludge digestors produce methane (65% CH 4 - 35% CO 2 ) On-site electricity is produced with the methane 50% of plant power (2.2MW)

16. 16 Aeration Sedimentation Solids Handling N org  NH 3 + NH 3 +  NO 2 NO 2  N 2 Mixing C 6 H 14  Biomass + CO 2

17. 17 Modified Ludzack- Ettinger (MLE Process) A2OA2OBardenpho RAS = Return Activated Sludge WAS = Waste Activated Sludge

18. 18 CH 4 + CO 2 C 6 H 14 + H 2 O Anaerobic Fermentation (30 days) Aeration Blowers 6.6 MW Disposal or Reuse (150 t/day) Diesel Generators Biosolids Centrifuges PNM Solids Handling Involves Anaerobic Conditions

19. 19 NH 3 + Settling & Aeration Fermentation River Sewers CO 2 N2N2 CH 4 Microbes Composting CO 2 H2OH2OH 2 O+C+N+S O2O2 Humus Heat Power H2SH2S CO 2 HOCl - SO 2 (Biosolids)

20. 20 Uses submerged hollow fiber membranes High Solids Retention Time membrane bioreactor Conventional activated sludge plant MBR membrane cassette

21. 21 Screens AnoxicAerobicSubmerged Membrane Membrane Bioreactors Offer Small Size, High Rate of Reaction for Satellite WW

22. 22 Source: Zenon Membranes

23. 23

24. 24

25. 25 Raw Feed and MBR Product

26. 26 RO treated water is better than most surface water sources Reverse Osmosis After MBR Makes Water Suitable for Groundwater Recharge

27. 27 10% of discharge from this plant is sent to microfiltration plant to purify for groundwater injection

28. 28 Submerged microfiltration for treated wastewater effluent

29. 29 ‣ Chlorination to kill the remaining pathogens Cl 2  HOCl ‣ Dechlorination to remove chlorine SO 2 + HOCl + H 2 O  HCl + H 2 SO 4 SO 2 + NH 2 Cl + 2H 2 O  NH 4 Cl + H 2 SO 4 ‣ UV radiation reduces chemical needs and chlorinated products

30. 30 ChlorineOzoneUV BOD,COD,TOCChlorine demandOzone demandLittle effect Oil and greaseChlorine demandOzone demandMay block light NitriteForms NDMAOxidizedNo effect NitrateForms chloraminesReduce O 3 effectiveness No effect Iron and ManganeseOxidized May block light Forms disinfection byproducts YesYes, but nonchlorinated No Source: Wastewater Engineering- Metcalf & Eddy

31.  Satellite facilities are mid scale sewage treatment plants that treat waste near the point of generation Lagoons Aeration ditches Trickling filters Membrane bioreactor  On-site waste disposal is septic tank system with drain field Provides low cost alternative Can be very effective Need little maintenance (but maintenance is important) 31