1. Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Sedation of Critically Ill Patients A Randomized Trial Journal Club 09/01/11 JAMA, February 4, 2009—Vol 301, No. 5 489

2. Introduction  GABA Rc agonists (including propofol and benzodiazepines) have been the most common sedative for ICU patients  Well-known hazards associated with prolonged use of GABA agonists Few investigations of ICU sedation have compared these agents to other drug classes

3. Dexmedetomidine  Sedation and anxiolysis via receptors within the locus ceruleus, analgesia via receptors in the spinal cord  Specific and selective activation of postsynaptic alpha2-adrenoreceptors  No significant respiratory depression

4. Methods

5. Hypothesis A sedation strategy using dexmedetomidine would result in im- proved outcomes in mechanically ventilated, critically ill medical and surgical ICU patients compared with the standard GABA agonist midazolam

6. Study Design  This prospective  Double-blind Except the investigative pharmacist at each site  Randomized trial 2:1 to receive vs Midazolam  ICUs at 68 centers  5 countries  Between March 2005 and August 2007

7. Patients  18 years or older  Intubated and MV < than 96 hours prior to start of study drug An anticipated ventilation and sedation duration of at least 3 more days  Exclusion criteria

8. Study Drug Administration  Sedatives used before Stopped  RASS target range of −2 to +1  Optional blinded loading doses  Up to 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine or 0.05 mg/kg midazolam  Maintenance infusion  0.8 μg/kg per hour for dexmedetomidine  0.06 mg/kg per hour for midazolam  Study drug was stopped

9.  Open-label midazolam bolus  0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg at 10- to 15-minute  Fentanyl bolus doses (0.5-1.0 μg/kg)  PRN every 15 minutes  IV haloperidol for treatment of agitation or delirium  1 to 5 mg/10-20 min PRN Other Drugs

10. The Primary End Point  The primary end point was the per- centage of time within the target seda- tion range (RASS score −2 to +1) during the double-blind treatment period. Total time within the target RASS range Time remained in the treatment period X 100 A correlation between the assessments, a multivariate analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation

11. Secondary End Points  Prevalence and duration of delirium  Use of fentanyl and open-label midazolam  Delirium free days were calculated as days alive and free of delirium during study drug exposure During the arousal assessment Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU)  Duration of mechanical ventilation  Length of stay in the ICU

12. Safety End Points  Laboratory test results  Vital signs  Electrocardiogram findings  Physical examination findings  Withdrawal related events  Adverse events

13. Statistical Analysis  Sample Size Determination 250 patients randomized to dexmedetomidine and 125 to midazolam would have 96% power at an alpha of 05 to detect a 7.4% difference in efficacy for the primary outcome  Delirium and use of rescue medications were performed using the Fisher exact test  Delirium free days, duration of study drug, and doses of rescue medications were performed using the Mann- Whitney test  Time to extubation and length of ICU stay were calculated using Kaplan- Meier

14. A secondary analysis was conducted on the entire intent-to-treat population Long-term use” subgroup Sites enrolling 5 patients or more

15. Results

16. Baseline Demographics

17. Study Drug Administration The mean (SD) maintenance infusion dose  0.83(0.37)μg/kg/h for dexmedetomidine  0.056 (0.028)mg/kg/hour for midazolam Optional loading doses  20/244 dexmedetomidine (8.2%)  9/122 midazolam (7.4%) Open-label midazolam  153/244[63%] vs 60/122 [49%]; P=.02

18. Efficacy Analyses

19. Extubation and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Length of Stay

20. Delirium and Nursing Assessments  Effect of dexmedetomidine delirium as measured by GEE 24.9% reduction (95% CI, 16% to 34% P.001) CAM-ICU–negative: 15.4% decrease (95% CI, 2% to 29%; P=.02), with a delirium prevalence of 32.9% (25/76) dexmedetomidine patients vs 55.0% (22/40) in midazolam patients (P=.03 )  The composite nursing assessment score for patient communication, cooperation, and tolerance of the ventilator was higher for dexmedetomidine patients (21.2 [SD, 7.4] vs 19.0 [SD, 6.9]; P=.001)

21. Long-term Use and Subpopulations  Intent-to-treat population Time in target (75.4% vs 73.3%) 24.9% Delirium reduction Time to extubation, ICU length of stay  “long-term use” population Time inthe target (80.8% vs 81% ) 24% Delirium reduction

22. Safety  Stopped study drug because of adverse events 16.4%vs 13.1% P=.44  Adverse events related to treatment 40.6% vs 28.7% P=.03 12/244) required an intervention for bradycardia

23. Conclusions  The primary outcome for this investigation, time in the target sedation range, was not different between groups  Patients treated with dexmedetomidine developed delirium more than 20% less often than patients treated with midazolam  Incorporated new standard elements for ICU sedation Light-to moderate sedation target (RASS score−2 to 1) delirium assessment Study drug titration or interruption every 4 hours Daily arousal assessment  Reductions in ventilator time

24. Limitations  The primary analysis targeted patients treated with study drug, rather than the usual intent-to treat  Midazolam was selected as the comparator medication  Many centers in this study enrolled few patients, raising concern for potential bias  Exclusion patients requiring renal replacement therapy