1. The ANITA grade and the Magnoliid Complex
Spring 2014

2. Major Angiosperm Clades
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
MAGNOLIID
COMPLEX
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
[TRICOLPATES]
ANITA
GRADE
Soltis et al. 2000,
APG II 2002,
Judd et al. 2002

3. Angiosperm Evolution: Pollen
Basic division in distinguishing angiosperms is NOT monocot versus dicot!!
Basic distinction is the number of pores or sulcae (grooves) in the pollen grains.
Trends in pollen evolution clearly show a shift from uni-aperturate pollen found in gymnosperms and the “basal” angiosperms and monocots to tri-aperturate pollen found in the eudicots.
Plesiomorphic condition in angiosperms is uni-aperturate.
Fossil record is quite good to document this transformation in pollen type.

4. Fig. 7.1
monoaperturate pollen
(one pore or groove)

5. Pollen Types

6. Fig. 7.1

7. “Basal” Angiosperms: Amborellaceae (Amborella Family)
Amborella trichopoda

8. Fig. 7.1

9. “Basal” Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family)
Widespread, tropics to temperate regions
Aquatic rhizomatous herbs, sap milky
Ca. 70 species; 5-6 genera
Flowers: many parts; laminar stamens; floating; colorful perianth; beetle pollination syndrome
Special uses: ornamentals
Required family

10. “Basal” Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family)
Widespread, tropics to temperate regions
Aquatic herbs with floating leaves, often with milky sap (latex)
Number of species: ca. 70 species; 5-6 genera
Flowers: floating; many parts; colorful perianth laminar stamens; gynoecium syncarpous with 3-many carpels
Significant features: beetle pollination syndrome
Special uses: ornamentals, edible rhizomes and seeds
Required family

11. “Basal” Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water-lily Family)
numerous petals, stamens, carpels
laminar stamens
pollen monosulcate
stigma discoid, radiating
berry-like fruit, dehiscent
perisperm (from the sporophyte)
usually lack vessels (or have tracheid-like vessels)

12. Nymphaea odorata – Water Lily

13. Beetle pollination syndrome
Flowers often green or white
Flowers with various but strong scents
Can open during the day or night
Flowers open or enclosed
Nectar and/or pollen reward
See Ch. 13 in Simpson

14. http://vimeo.com/41976231 Beetle pollination in water lilies:
Double flowering to avoid selfing:

15. Nymphaea tuberosa Water Lily

16. Nuphar Water Lily

17. Victoria amazonica – Giant Water Lily

18. Major Angiosperm Clades
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
MAGNOLIID
COMPLEX
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
[TRICOLPATES]
ANITA
GRADE
Soltis et al. 2000,
APG II 2002,
Judd et al. 2002

19. Fig. 7.1

20. Magnoliid characters “Magnocots”
2-ranked leaves, paracytic stomates
Perianth generally 3-merous
Stamens and carpels: distinct,
numerous, spirally arranged
Boat-shaped, monosulcate pollen
Superior ovary
Seeds with fleshy seed coat/aril in many;
minute embryo, copious endosperm
Many anatomical characters (esp. wood)

21. Magnoliids—Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae (The Magnolia Family)
Temperate to tropical regions of eastern North America; east Asia, South America
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves
Number of species: 2 or 7 genera, 200 species
Flowers: apocarpous; anthers laminar, many; receptacle elongated
Significant features: Aromatic; fruit an aggregate of follicles in Magnolia or winged samaras in Liriodendron
Special uses: ornamentals; timber
Required family

22. aggregate of follicles many spirally arranged parts
Magnoliaceae
solitary flower
elongate receptacle
aggregate of follicles
woody plant
simple leaves
stipules
many spirally arranged parts
separate carpels
laminar stamens
Magnolia virginiana
sweetbay

23. Magnolia X soulangeana

24. Magnolia
Dispersal mechanism?

25. Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Poplar Tree

26. Other Magnoliid families of interest (but not required)
Lauraceae (the laurel or bay family)
Piperaceae (the pepper family)
Aristolochiaceae (the birthwort family)

27. Magnoliids—Laurales: Lauraceae (Laurel or Bay Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; SE Asia & northern South America
Trees, shrubs, vines.
Diversity: 2,200 species, 45 genera
Flowers: concave receptacle that often enlarges in fruit; anthers dehiscing via pores with flaps; sticky pollen; pollen without apertures; carpel 1; embryo large, endosperm lacking.
Significant features: ethereal oils
Special uses: cinnamon (Cinnamomum) and bay (Laurus nobilis) used as spices; avocado (Persea)
Family not required

28. Lauraceae - Sassafras albidum
-original source of root beer flavor
-ground leaves→ filé powder

29. Economic plants and products: Cinnamomum zeylandicum
Lauraceae
Economic plants and products:
Cinnamomum zeylandicum
True cinnamon

30. Bird dispersal and
ecological role of
Lauraceae

31. Magnoliids—Piperales: Piperaceae
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.
Primarily herbs; sometimes epiphytic; small trees
Diversity: 3,600 species, 5 genera
Flowers: minute, densely packed in a thick spike or spadix; no perianth (!); carpels 1-4, connate, with 1 ovule per gynoecium, basal placentation; fruit usually a drupe.
Significant features: stem with bundles in >1 ring or + scattered
Special uses: Piper nigrum (black pepper); Piper betle (betel pepper), ornamentals (Peperomia)
Family not required

32. Piperaceae - Peperomia
Peperomia leaves

33. Piper nigrum – Black pepper

34. Magnoliids—Piperales: Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman’s Pipe or Birthwort Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia.
Lianas or herbs, occasionally shrubs
Diversity: ca. 460 species, 7 genera
Flowers: Highly modified, showy, fused sepals, radial or bilateral, tubular, and S-shaped or pipe shaped calyx tube; corolla usually lacking or vestigial; ovary inferior or half-inferior, of 3-6 connate carpels; ovules numerous; filaments more or less adnate to style.
Significant features: “dead meat” carrion coloration attracts insects, usually flies. Trap-flowers.
Special uses: ornamentals; some medicinal uses.
Family not required

35. Asarum (wild ginger) -perennial with aromatic rhizomes
-flowers actinomorphic
-ovary inferior
-fruit a fleshy capsule, seeds large
& with elaiosomes, ant-dispersed

36. Aristolochia (Dutchman’s pipe)
Trap flowers

37. On to the monocots…
...clearly monophyletic…superbly apomorphic! ! !