1. History and Trends of Health Care
Chapter 1
History and Trends of Health Care

2. Why Study History
Some treatments used in ancient times still used today. Plants and Herbs used for Medicine Morphine comes from poppy plant

3. Ancient Times
4000 BC – 3000 BC
Illness and disease were caused by evil spirits and demons
Punishment from the gods brought disease and illness
Religion played an important role in Health Care
Religion did not allow for human dissection
Animals were used to learn about body parts

4. Ancient Times (Ancient Egyptians)
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Bloodletting or leeches were used
Gods healed people.

5. Ancient Times (Ancient Chinese)
1700BC – 200AD Chinese
The belief to cure the spirit was practiced by the Chinese. Holistic methods stressing entire patient body, mind & spirit
Used Acupuncture (puncture the skin by needles)
Recorded a Pharmacopeia of Medications
Around the same time as the Greeks

6. Ancient Times (Ancient Greeks)
1200BC – 200BC Greeks
6th Century Alcmaeon discovered the brain as the physiological site of the senses
Established that disease is established by natural causes not supernatural
Stressed that good diet and cleanliness would help prevent disease.
Hippocrates ( BC) 83 years old.
Father of Medicine. Created a high standard of ethics, Oath of Hippocrates. Said and Used by physicians today

7. Ancient Times (Ancient Romans)
753BC – 410 AD
The Romans realized that some diseases were connected to filth and implemented the use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water
In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses proved to be fatal

8. The Dark Ages 400 AD fall of the Roman Empire 400 – 800 AD
Study of Medicine prohibited
Prayer and Divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
Monks & Priests cared for the sick

9. The Middle Ages AD
Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks & Romans
9th Century Medical Universities established to train Doctor’s
An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia
Smallpox, Diphtheria, Typhoid killed many people
Many infants died shortly after birth, many children did not live to adulthood

10. The Renaissance Time period between 1350–1650 AD
Otherwise known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine”
Human dissection to view body organs
Medical books were published
Causes of disease were still a mystery

11. The 16th & 17th Centuries 1500 – 1599 and 1600 – 1699 The 1500’s & 1600’s
Life span years
Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
Invention of the microscope
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were involved in the making, prescribing, and selling of medications
Causes of disease were still not known and many people died form infection and child birth fever.

12. The 1500’s (16th Century) Ambroise Pare French Surgeon
Father of Modern Surgery
Used Ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
Improved treatment of fractures
Promoted the use of artificial limbs

13. The 1500’s (16th Century) Gabriel Fallopius
Identified the fallopian tubes in the female
Described the Tympanic membrane in the ear

14. The 1600’s (17th Century) William Harvey in 1628
Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart
Before this blood was believed to be all over inside you and would go everywhere

15. The 1600’s (17th Century) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1666
Invented the Microscope
“Father of Microbiology”
He developed methods for grinding lenses for more powerful magnification
Tiny single-celled organisms he called “Animlcules” now called Microorganisms

16. The 1600’s (17th Century) Bartolomeo Eustachio
Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed and sold medications

17. The 1600’s (17th Century) Bartolomeo Eustachio
Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat

18. The 1700’s (18th Century) Average life span 40-50 Years
Causes of many diseases unknown
Medical care remained limited
Invention of the thermometer, Feeding tube, C-section, Vaccination & Discovery of Oxygen & Vitamin C

19. The 1700’s (18th Century)
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer in 1714
Joseph Priestley discovered the element of Oxygen in 1774
John Hunter introduced the feeding tube in 1778

20. The 1700’s (18th Century)
Benjamin Franklin invented Bifocals for glasses
Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful C-Section for infant delivery in 1794
James Lind Prescribed Vitamin C to prevent Scurvy in 1795

21. The 1700’s (18th Century)
Edward Jenner developed a Vaccination for Smallpox in 1796
Studied why smallpox was low with milkmaids
Discovered those who had Cow Pox were far less likely to develop Smallpox
The word Vaccination comes from Latin for Cow “Vacca”

22. The 1800’s (19th Century)
Industrial Revolution. Advancements occurred because of the development of machines and ready access to books
Average life span Years
Many Vaccines and medications were developed
Treatment for diseases was more specific after the causes for diseases were identified.
Women became active in medicine
Infection control with methods to stop the spread of disease

23. The 1800’s (19th Century)
1818. James Blundell Performed the First Successful blood transfusion on humans
1816 Rene Laennec Invented the stethoscope. Published a book on Auscultation (Listening to internal sounds)
1840 Ignaz Semmelweis Encouraged doctors to wash hands with lime between Autopsies and Deliveries. Idea Resisted

24. The 1800’s (19th Century)
1854 Florence Nightingale Reformed Nursing, established efficient & sanitary nurses. Is the founder of Modern Nursing
1865 Joseph Lister began using Antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection
1875 Paul Ehrlich, bacteriologist, detecting & differentiating microorganisms & foundation for modern theories of Immunity

25. The 1800’s (19th Century) 1880 First Electrical Hearing Aid
1881 Clara Barton founded American Red Cross
1882 Robert Koch developed culture plate method to identify & isolate pathogens
1885 Louis Pasteur proved that microorganisms cause disease & developed Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria

26. The 1800’s (19th Century) 1892 Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses
1893 Lillian Wald Started Public Health Nursing
1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
1897 Almroth Wright developed a vaccine for typhoid fever
1899 Bayer introduced Aspirin in powdered form

27. The1900’s 20th Century Most rapid growth in health care
Average life span years
New Machines invented, such as X-rays
Medicines such as insulin for diabetes, antibiotics for infections and vaccines to prevent disease were developed
Causes for many diseases identified
The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy
Health care plans to help pay for healthcare
Computer technology help advance medicine

28. The1900’s 20th Century
1901 Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups
1910 Marie Curie isolates Radium
1918 Influenza Pandemic kills more than 21 million
1922 Banting & Best used insulin for Diabetes
1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

29. The1900’s 20th Century 1950’s Salk & Sabin develop vaccines for Pollio
1953 Crick & Watson describe the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information
1953 First Heart-Lung Machine used in open heart surgery
1963 first Liver Transplant
1964 first Lung Transplant

30. The1900’s 20th Century 1965 Medicare & Medicaid enacted
1967 Christian Barnard performed First Successful Heart Transplant
1973 Health Maintenance Organizations Formed (HMO’s)
1975 CT Scans Developed
1981 AIDS Identified

31. The1900’s 20th Century 1992 NIH research Center Established
1995 Chicken Pox Vaccine
1996 Mad Cow Disease outbreak
1996 HIPAA act signed into law
1997 “Dolly” First sheep was cloned

32. The 21st Century 2000’s Human genome project
Embryonic stem cell research
Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as weapons
Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics

33. Pandemic Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area
Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history
H5N1 viruses—avian flu virus
Viruses can mutate and also exchange genetic information
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