2. Objectives
To discover the difference between organized and unorganized sports.
To examine how amateur sports help local communities.
To show the difference between collegiate and professional sports.
To analyze various aspects of professional sports.
To discuss the ethical and legal aspects of sports.

3. Main Menu Introduction to Sports Amateur Sports College Sports
Professional Sports

4. Introduction to Sports

5. Organized Sports Have set teams
teams are defined as groups of individuals who play together to accomplish a goal, such as winning a game
Play in organized leagues
leagues are defined as groups of teams who play the same sport by a certain set of rules
rules are a set of guidelines given by a governing body or higher power such as a league commissioner

6. Unorganized Sports
Are loosely organized sports not regulated by a governing body
Often have undefined or unclear rules
Examples include the following:
street hockey
pickup basketball
bicycle riding
From the Playbook: Soccer is the number one sport in the world by number of participants.

7. Types of Organized Sports
Amateur
College
Professional

8. Amateur Sports

9. Amateur Sports
Include all sports leagues not professional or collegiate
Players do not receive money or tuition for their effort
Include high school sports
Encompass most organized sports leagues, such as a basketball league at the local YMCA®
From the Playbook: Nearly 100,000 students play high school basketball each year.

10. Amateur Sports Can include sports such as the following: baseball
swimming
basketball
skateboarding
golf
skiing/snowboarding
gymnastics
soccer
hockey
surfing
ice skating
tennis
football
track and field
rodeo
wrestling
From the Playbook: Can you name any additional amateur sports?

11. Amateur Sports Benefit the community in the following ways:
make the population more physically active
increase the bond between citizens and business or government officials who help facilitate amateur sports
bring citizens together to support each other
can build community pride
From the Playbook: The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was created in 1988 in an effort to support amateur athletes who hoped to compete in the Olympic Games. Despite several changes and opposition to the organization, the AAU still sponsors the annual Junior Olympic Games.

12. Amateur Sports Example
The American Youth Soccer Organization is a nationwide non-profit organization promoting youth soccer. The AYSO fosters teamwork, good sportsmanship and positive coaching for kids. Visit them online at

13. Adults & Senior Citizens
Also participate in a variety of recreational activities
May join specific leagues or community-sponsored events
Include a specific segment or market for sports advertisers
examples could include:
playing in an indoor soccer league
participating in elderly couples swim class
joining a bowling or softball league
entering a golf tournament at a country club
competing in a city triathlon

14. Adults & Senior Citizens
Nearly 12.4 million people over the age of 65 engage in an organized sports activity at least six times a year. Popular sports for individuals ages 65 and over include walking, fishing and swimming.

15. Marketing
Is defined as the practice of pricing, promoting and placing of a company’s products
In amateur sports is often done by local businesses
For example, a local bank or construction business might sponsor jerseys for a softball team

16. College Sports

17. College Sports Are offered by colleges and universities
Provide economic benefit to colleges and universities
Also provide benefits to the areas surrounding the colleges and universities
From the Playbook: Approximately 3-5 percent of amateur athletes will have the ability to compete at the collegiate level.

18. Tiers of College Athletics
Intramural sports
Club sports
School-sponsored athletics

19. College Intramurals Are another example of an amateur sport
Have rules setting them apart from being an unorganized sport
Athletes do not receive class credit for playing and therefore are not classified as a collegiate sport
Athletes are not paid, and therefore are not classified as professional
Athletes are defined as people who train for a specific sporting event requiring a high amount of physical fitness.

20. Intramural Sports
Can be defined as “sports played within the walls of a school’s jurisdiction”
Are structured to allow non college athletes to participate in athletics
Are usually organized to allow maximum participation for all players
May be offered for a limited number of college sports and skill levels
Eligibility regulations for intramural sports are developed to ensure team fairness and to help eliminate controversy. For instance, most campus intramurals are only available to students or faculty members who pay activity fees. Most intramural participants pay a small registration fee and play games once a week. While most intramural sports do have referees, they are usually available simply to supervise or help prevent injury.
From the Playbook: Would you allow a member of the college women's soccer team to play intramural soccer?

21. Intramural Structure
Example: University Intramural Basketball Program  Leagues offered: Men, Women, Co-ed League skill levels: Competitive, Intermediate, Recreational Divisions: Greek Division, Off-campus Division, Residence Hall

22. Intramural Leagues Offered
Include the following:
men – an all male league
women – an all female league
co-ed – a league which includes men and women, usually possessing requirements concerning the ratio of men to women

23. Intramural Skill Levels
Include the following:
competitive – the league with the most advanced players
intermediate – the league comprised of moderately-skilled athletes
recreational – the league usually consisting of beginner athletes

24. Intramural Divisions Include the following:
Greek – teams are comprised of members belonging to the same fraternity or sorority
off-campus – teams are comprised of members who do not live in a dormitory on campus
residence hall – teams are comprised of members from the same dormitory

25. Impact of Intramurals
Allows students of all ages and skill levels to participate in athletics
Promotes social networking and fitness among students
Expands the fan base for popular college sports
A high quality intramural sports program encourages participation in voluntary and recreational sports activities for everyone. It therefore exemplifies the "sports for all" concept. While some intramural sports may seem competitive in nature, the main purpose of intramural is not athletics. Rather intramural programs are used to promote the social aspect of college life.

26. Club Sports
Are sports officially recognized by an institution’s athletic department, but are not covered by student fees
Often require official tryouts
Must follow the required policies and procedures of the school
May consist of team or individual sports
Are extremely competitive in nature
Level of skill is higher than intramurals but less than school-sponsored athletics
While the funding policies for club sports may vary from school to school, most club teams are responsible for conducting their own fundraisers and travel arrangements.

27. School-Sponsored Athletics
Are officially recognized by the college or university
Remain funded through the school’s athletic department
Come with high levels of media fan attention
Are governed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association® (NCAA®), National Junior College Athletic Association® (NJCAA®), or the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics® (NAIA®)

28. NCAA® Stands for National Collegiate Athletic Association®
Is the governing body of collegiate sports
Governs competition and integrates college athletics with academics
Also aims to assist athletes in the pursuit of higher education

29. NCAA®
Regulates the following for collegiate athletes and collegiate programs:
ethical conduct
employment regulations
recruitment standards
academic requirements
awards, scholarships and benefits
playing and practicing seasons
rules enforcement
division membership

30. NCAA® Offers three divisions of competition division I division II
division III
in general, larger schools compete in the upper (division I) division while smaller schools participate in division II and division III

31. NCAA® Division I Is split into two classifications bowl subdivision
requires the school to have at least 16 athletic teams
championship subdivision
requires the school to have at least 14 athletic teams
bowl subdivision athletes are generally of a higher caliber than those who compete at the championship subdivision level
Athletes may receive significant financial aid for playing sports

32. NCAA® Division II
Requires the schools to have at least 10 athletic teams to meet NCAA® regulations
Athletes may receive financial aid for playing sports but many also receive academic grants to help pay tuition
Athletes are generally of lower caliber than athletes who compete at the division I level

33. NCAA® Division III
Requires the school to have at least 10 athletic teams
Athletes receive no financial aid for playing sports
Athletes are generally of lower caliber than athletes who compete at the division I or division II level

34. The NJCAA ® Stands for National Junior College Athletic Association ®
Is the national governing body for over 500 junior colleges in the United States
Is separated into 24 regions
Offers three divisions of athletic competition in a variety of sports

35. The NAIA®
Stands for the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics®
Is the national governing body for approximately 350 small-college sports programs in the United States
Includes 300 member colleges and universities
Is divided into 14 regions and offers 23 championships in 13 sports
From the Playbook: The NAIA® was the first athletic organization to include both black colleges and women in national championships.

36. College Structure
College sports are divided into conferences and divisions
Conference and division titles vary for each sport
Most sports participate in a structured playoff system to determine a national champion

37. Conferences
Are groups of teams competing against one another in a variety of sports
Are very similar to leagues
Offer member schools a chance to compete for a conference championship
Are generally grouped by region
From the Playbook: Baseball has some of the lowest attendance rates out of all college sports.

38. Effects of Collegiate Sports
Come in many different forms
economic
increase in student applications
increase in school pride

39. Economic Effects of Collegiate Sports
Include economic benefits provided by collegiate sports
For example, when Drake University held the 2008 Track and Field National Championships, many participants and fans traveled from around the country to view the event. Drake University and the surrounding area of Des Moines, Iowa received a significant economic boost from people who booked hotel rooms, rented cars and ate and shopped in the surrounding area.

40. Prospective Student Admissions
May increase if a collegiate team is victorious
shows many students want to be part of an exciting atmosphere
also shows many students want to be part of a “winning tradition”
Examples:
Student admissions rose 12% at Boston College University after Doug Flutie beat the University of Miami in a “Hail Mary” finish in 1984
Admissions grew at the University of Northwestern when the perennial conference bottom feeder won the conference championship and went on to the Rose Bowl™ in 1995
Admissions spiked at Marquette University when now NBA® superstar Dwayne Wade led Marquette to the Final Four™ in 2003
Admissions increased at University of Missouri when the football team went to their first ever conference championship game in 2008

41. School Pride Can be increased if a collegiate team is victorious
Can also swell pride in the surrounding civic area
May cause individuals to buy more goods with a collegiate team’s logo or name

42. Marketing
In college sports is big business, worth millions of dollars per year
Is usually handled by a university’s athletic department
Includes sponsorships such as advertisements around a stadium
Also includes licensing

43. Licensing
Is defined as the paid use of a logo or name to be used for merchandise
Is regulated in collegiate athletics by the NCAA®
Brings in funding for both the individual colleges and universities and the NCAA®
Generates royalties, or money made off of licensing
For example, say the University of Miami licenses their logo to Under Armour®. Under Armour® then sells Under Armour® shirts having the University of Miami logo on them. For every shirt Under Armour® sells, they must pay a percentage of what they make to the University of Miami.
Example: The University of California Los Angeles, Berkley has a licensing agreement with Adidas® for $2.5 million per year. This means UCLA wears everything from Adidas shoes, to Adidas jerseys and sweatbands.

44. Female Collegiate Athletics
Have been supported by the NCAA® since 1981
Have increased due to Title IX Legislation
Congress enacted Title IX in to prohibit discrimination in educational programs, including collegiate athletics
all federally-funded public schools are required to follow Title IX
From the Playbook: Since the enactment of Title IX, female collegiate athletic participation has risen 456%.

45. Title IX Legislation
May have led to the removal of many men’s sports and the addition of many women’s sports
For example a university may cut men’s baseball and create women’s rowing to promote equality
this has been very controversial in recent years

46. Professional Sports

47. Professional Sports
Are sports where the athletes are paid for their performance
Provide an economic benefit to the home city
Foster civic pride within a community
Make up one of the fastest growing industries in the United States
Employs over 20,000 individuals
From the Playbook: Less than 2 percent of collegiate athletes will have the ability to compete at the professional level.

48. Professional Athletes
Are defined by the NCAA® as, “individuals who receive any kind of payment, directly or indirectly, for athletic participation except as permitted by the governing legislation of the association”
Are individuals who earn their living playing sports
Receive payment for playing sports as well as by advertising a company’s products through endorsements
From the Playbook: An endorsement is a public figure’s personal approval or support for a product or service. Tiger Woods is one of the highest paid athletes due to his endorsements.

49. Professional Sports Leagues
Divide franchises into conferences and divisions to regulate game play and simplify scheduling
Involve intensive management on all levels
Include the following leagues
National Football League®
National Basketball Association®
Major League Baseball ®
National Hockey League®
Major League Soccer®
Arena Football League®

50. Franchise Success
Can mean different things to different parts of a professional sports organization
Owners generally find success in making money
Managers or coaches measure success in winning
Players find success in winning and reaching certain statistical milestones paying them bonuses
for example, a soccer player may have incentives, or motivators, in his contract to score more goals
Front office personnel such as marketing or public relations might measure success based on fan attendance
From the Playbook: Franchises are specific teams within a league

51. Stadiums/Arenas Are the venues in which sports are played
Can be franchise-owned, sponsored or community owned
Have the ability to house multiple events or functions
Create employment within the community
Attract additional businesses such as restaurants, hotels, etc.

52. Salary Caps
Are spending limits affecting how much a team can spend on a certain player
Give teams limits on total player spending
May also affect individual player spending based upon factors such as years in the league and position
Are mandated and regulated by the governing bodies of major sporting leagues
Affect the National Football League®, National Basketball Association® and National Hockey League®
does not affect Major League Baseball®
Major League Baseball® is referred to as an “uncapped” league

53. Collective Bargaining Agreements
Are contracts existing between the owners of a sport’s league and the player’s association
Contain rules for player salaries
Also contain requirements for salary caps
Free agency is the process by which players are assigned a team; when a player is a “free agent” they are free to negotiate with any team with whom they wish to sign
Defines the rules for free agency

54. Player Unions Are unions joined by players
Sign Collective Bargaining Agreements with governing bodies of sports leagues
Offer services such as salary negotiation and player grievances
a player grievance is a dispute a player has with the league
Strive for better player contracts with the league
try to get more money for the players
For example the Major League Baseball® Players Association® (MLBPA) is a union for MLB® players

55. Lockouts
Are stoppages of league play due to disagreements between players unions and the governing bodies of sports leagues
Are defined by the governing bodies not agreeing to the players association demands
the governing bodies do not let the players “work”
For example, the NFL® lockout of 2011 and NBA® lockout of 2011 occurred when the players and owners could not agree on Collective Bargaining Agreements. Even the NFL® referees experienced a lockout in 2012 when they could not agree with NFL® owners on a Collective Bargaining Agreement.

56. Strikes
Are also stoppages of league play due to disagreements between players unions and the governing bodies of sports leagues
Are defined by the players association not agreeing to the governing bodies demands
the players refuse to work under the agreement
For example, Major League Baseball® underwent a strike in 1994, and cancelled the World Series™ due to continued disagreements between the MLBPA and MLB® for a new Collective Bargaining Agreement

57. Cities Try to attract sports teams for their positive economic impact
Also try to attract sports teams to build civic pride
View the sports teams as advertising for the city

58. Luring a Sports Team Is done by giving the team a new stadium
stadiums are the most expensive cost of owning a team
stadiums are often built by passing stadium taxes, which raise taxes for the local community
Is also done by giving the sports team tax breaks to lure them to a new location

59. Luring a Sports Team Successfully is a full time job
small parts of city government must be allocated to lure a team
May be accomplished through two ways:
league expansion: when the league adds an additional team
team relocation: when the league relocates an existing team to an new location

60. MLB Baseball to Oregon?
For example, Portland Oregon has been campaigning to get a Major League Baseball® Team. The Oregon Sports Authority, Portland Baseball Group and Oregon Baseball Campaign have combined to form the Oregon Stadium Campaign, a coalition of fans and business who want to bring baseball to Oregon. Visit them online at:

61. Adding a Franchise to an Existing League
Usually requires the following:
a vote of the existing franchises to admit the team
a bid for the new franchise made by potential owners and cities for the location
contract negotiations with owners and location
stadium construction or lease agreement
creation of logos, team name and team colors, etc.
recruitment of staff and players
From the Playbook: Teams which are added to leagues are referred to as expansion teams since they expanded the league.

62. Examples of Expansion Teams
National Football League®
the most recent expansion team in the NFL® is the Houston Texans which began play in 2002
Major League Baseball®
the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Arizona Diamondbacks were added in 1998
National Basketball Association®
Charlotte Bobcats were added in 2004

63. Relocation of an Existing Franchise
Entails a league moving an existing franchise to a new city
Is determined by league owners and managers
Is usually targeted toward franchises with financial problems
Involves attracting a franchise to the prospective city through competition

64. Examples of Relocated Franchises
National Football League®
the Houston Oilers moved to Nashville, Tennessee and became the Tennessee Titans
Major League Baseball®
the Montreal Expos moved to Washington D.C. and became the Washington Nationals
National Basketball Association®
the New Orleans Jazz moved to Salt Lake City, Utah and became the Utah Jazz

65. Performance Enhancing Drugs
Are substances such as steroids or steroid based compound which are taken to increase performance
Are a prominent issue in all of sports
Have been taken by many professional athletes
Will be an especially large issue in future years as money and media coverage of professional sports increase
From the Playbook: Athletes who have been accused of using performance enhancing drugs are Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Marion Jones, Justin Gatlin, Shawne Merriman and many others.

66. Gambling
Is the wagering of money on a sporting event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money
Can involve athletes or referees “throwing” games
Creates scandals and distrust from fans when it is completed by athletes or referees
From the Playbook: Baseball player Pete Rose is banned from the Baseball Hall of Fame due to gambling. Pete Rose has the most career hits of any major league baseball player in history.

67. Professional Women’s Sports
Have increased in popularity and attendance in the last ten years
Include basketball, golf, tennis, gymnastics, soccer, ice skating, etc.
Have created an additional marketing outlet for sports manufacturers
female athletes are now craving custom-designed golf clubs, soccer cleats, racing bikes, sporting apparel, etc.
From the Playbook: Jackie Mitchell, a female baseball pitcher, struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in a 1931 exhibition game.

68. Pioneers in Women’s Sports
Mildred "Babe" Didrickson Zaharias (golf)
Sheryl Swoops (basketball)
Ann Meyers (basketball)
Billy Jean King (tennis)
Julie Krone (horse racing)
Jackie Joyner-Kersee (track)
Manon Rheaume (hockey)
Annika Sorenstam (golf)
Cheryl Miller (basketball)
Mia Hamm (Soccer)
Mary Lou Retton (gymnastics)
Janet Guthrie (auto racing)
Venus and Serena Williams (tennis)
Danica Patrick (auto racing)

69. Professional Sports Leagues
Vary in geographic popularity
American football is not very popular in Asia
Also includes the following leagues which we have not discussed :
Formula One Racing®
Professional Golf Association®
Women’s National Basketball Association®
Ladies Professional Golf Association®
NASCAR®
Etc.

70. Marketing In professional sports is worth billions of dollars
Includes sponsorships such as advertisements on a baseball field’s outfield wall
Also includes money paid for naming rights to a stadium, such as University of Phoenix Stadium, home of the NFL®’s Arizona Cardinals
From the Playbook: Think of the last time you saw a professional athlete endorsing a product on television. That is sports marketing in action. Do you remember the product, the athlete or both?

71. Review Amateur Sports Collegiate Sports Professional Sports
Help the local economy
Build civic pride
Athletes receive educational benefits
Make money off of licensing
Play in designated stadiums
Athletes receive money
Teams have players associations

72. Resources www.logoserver.com www.northernsun.org www.jewell.edu
Amateur Sports
NCAA® Membership Requirements
NCAA® Overview
What’s the difference between Divisions I, II and III?
NCAA® Member Conference Definition

73. Resources Sacked admissions? www.southbendtribune.com
NCAA® March (Licensing) Madness
What Is NCAA® Football?
Sportslaw Jargon: Strike vs. Lockout
NCAA® Executive Committee Minutes www1.ncaa.org

74. Resources www.oursportscentral.com www.nba.com www.soccer.org