1. Space Station Early History

2. Space Station Concepts First concepts of manned orbital stations began as fictional stories that are the roots of science fiction Sir Edward Everet Hale wrote of an orbiting sphere in the 1860s that carried construction crew and families in a satellite made of bricks Sir Edward Everet Hale wrote of an orbiting sphere in the 1860s that carried construction crew and families in a satellite made of bricks The Brick Moon published in Harper’s magazine in 1869 The Brick Moon published in Harper’s magazine in 1869 Communications was by Morse code with inhabitants jumping up and down Communications was by Morse code with inhabitants jumping up and down

3. Space Station Concepts First realistic concepts came from the Russian space pioneer Konstatin Tsiolovsky in the early 1900s Orbiting ring-shaped station was a transition for exploration of the solar system Orbiting ring-shaped station was a transition for exploration of the solar system Liquid fuel launch vehicles, solar power, space suits, airlocks, plant growth, satellite launches were introduced for the first time in his works Liquid fuel launch vehicles, solar power, space suits, airlocks, plant growth, satellite launches were introduced for the first time in his works

4. Space Station Concepts Hermann Oberth proposed an orbiting station in 1923 in his publication The Rocket into Interplanetary Space (Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen) Oberth’s station concept consisted of descriptive remarks on its function Oberth’s station concept consisted of descriptive remarks on its function Earth observation Earth observation Communications link Communications link Weather observations Weather observations Orbital refueling station for interplanetary flight Orbital refueling station for interplanetary flight

5. Space Station Concepts The first engineering concepts of a station were introduced by Herman Nordlung Design described in his 1929 publication The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor Design described in his 1929 publication The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor Basic structure was a 50 m rotating wheel platform with solar concentrator for generating power (solar powered) Basic structure was a 50 m rotating wheel platform with solar concentrator for generating power (solar powered) Served as an observatory for celestial and earth observations, and a communications link Served as an observatory for celestial and earth observations, and a communications link Geostationary orbit would have required a huge booster Geostationary orbit would have required a huge booster

6. Space Station Concepts Wernher von Braun’s ring-shaped space station was described in some detail in the Collier’s Magazine 1952-1954 Composed of structural nylon Composed of structural nylon Launched in sections Launched in sections 50 m diameter 50 m diameter Rotated to produce artificial gravity Rotated to produce artificial gravity Large booster based on V-2 technology (multiple V-2 engines used for multiple stages) Large booster based on V-2 technology (multiple V-2 engines used for multiple stages)

7. Space Station Concepts Von Braun’s early ring- shaped space station

8. Space Station Concepts Wernher von Braun’s ring- shaped space station

9. Space Station Concepts Apollo Applications Program (AAP, Apollo X) AAP covered many proposals that were focused on lunar exploration and a possible lunar outpost AAP covered many proposals that were focused on lunar exploration and a possible lunar outpost Merged into Apollo hardware projects when budget shrank Merged into Apollo hardware projects when budget shrank Eventually became the Skylab orbital space station Eventually became the Skylab orbital space station

10. Space Station Concepts Station concepts were proposed for, and by, NASA in the 1960s Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support

11. Space Stations Station concepts were proposed for and by NASA in the 1960s Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support

12. Space Stations Station concepts were proposed for and by NASA in the 1960s Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Early ideas followed Apollo hardware concepts Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support Later concepts focused on Shuttle launch support

13. Space Stations USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Would be used as a manned surveillance vehicle Would be used as a manned surveillance vehicle Launched on a Titan booster Launched on a Titan booster Crew flight vehicle was based on the Gemini capsule design Crew flight vehicle was based on the Gemini capsule design Cancelled in 1962 following prototype launch Cancelled in 1962 following prototype launch

14. First Operational Space Stations First Operational Space Stations USSR launched the first space station USSR launched the first space station Salyut 1 launched in 1971 Salyut 1 launched in 1971 Followed by 6 Salyuts, 1 Mir, then the ISS Service Module Followed by 6 Salyuts, 1 Mir, then the ISS Service Module US launched Skylab April 23, 1973 US launched Skylab April 23, 1973 Followed 25 years later by the ISS Followed 25 years later by the ISS Soviet’s Salyut 1 station was the first launched, but had two failed manned missions Soviet’s Salyut 1 station was the first launched, but had two failed manned missions Salyut 1 station launched April, 1971 Salyut 1 station launched April, 1971 1 st crew mission Soyuz-10 – could not dock 1 st crew mission Soyuz-10 – could not dock 2 nd crew mission Soyuz 11 – following successful three- week stay, the crew perished on reentry 2 nd crew mission Soyuz 11 – following successful three- week stay, the crew perished on reentry

15. First Operational Space Stations First Operational Space Stations Salyut 2 launched in April, 1973 failed to stay in orbit Salyut 2 launched in April, 1973 failed to stay in orbit First successful Salyut mission was the Soyuz-14 crew visit to the Salyut 3 station in June, 1974 First successful Salyut mission was the Soyuz-14 crew visit to the Salyut 3 station in June, 1974 First successful space station mission was the first crew mission to Skylab (SL-2) launched on May 25, 1973 First successful space station mission was the first crew mission to Skylab (SL-2) launched on May 25, 1973

16. Salyut Space Stations

17. Salyut - Soviet Space Stations A series of seven Salyut (“salute”) space stations were developed and launched after Russia’s redirection of its efforts following the failure of its manned lunar program A series of seven Salyut (“salute”) space stations were developed and launched after Russia’s redirection of its efforts following the failure of its manned lunar program Salyut 1, 4, 6, and 7 were civilian research stations Salyut 1, 4, 6, and 7 were civilian research stations Salyut 6 and 7 were 2 nd generation stations (designated DOS) Salyut 6 and 7 were 2 nd generation stations (designated DOS) Salyut 2, 3, and 5 were military reconnaissance stations (designated Almaz) Salyut 2, 3, and 5 were military reconnaissance stations (designated Almaz) Followed by 3 rd generation space station Mir (Salyut 8) Followed by 3 rd generation space station Mir (Salyut 8) Launched in 1986 Launched in 1986

18. Salyut Structure Training mockup in Energia Museum, Moscow

19. Salyut Series Salyut 1 – launched April 19, 1971 – 1 st generation Salyut 1 – launched April 19, 1971 – 1 st generation 2 manned missions, neither successful 2 manned missions, neither successful Salyut 2 – launched April 3, 1973 – 1 st generation Salyut 2 – launched April 3, 1973 – 1 st generation Failed to reach stable orbit Failed to reach stable orbit Salyut 3 – launched June 24, 1974 – 1 st generation Salyut 3 – launched June 24, 1974 – 1 st generation Replacement for Salyut 2 Replacement for Salyut 2 2 crews during 1-year orbital life 2 crews during 1-year orbital life Salyut 4 – launched December 26, 1974 – 1 st generation Salyut 4 – launched December 26, 1974 – 1 st generation 3 crews during 1-year orbital life 3 crews during 1-year orbital life Salyut 5 – launched June 22, 1976 – 1 st generation Salyut 5 – launched June 22, 1976 – 1 st generation 3 crews during 1-year orbital life 3 crews during 1-year orbital life Salyut 6 – launched September 29, 1977 – 2 nd generation Salyut 6 – launched September 29, 1977 – 2 nd generation 18 crews during 5-year orbital life 18 crews during 5-year orbital life Salyut 7 – launched April 19, 1982 – 2 nd generation Salyut 7 – launched April 19, 1982 – 2 nd generation 12 crews during 5-year orbital life 12 crews during 5-year orbital life

20. Salyut Series Salyut stations powered by solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) Salyut stations powered by solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) Single docking port on 1 st generation Salyuts allowed a one-year life on orbit Single docking port on 1 st generation Salyuts allowed a one-year life on orbit Salyut 1-5 Salyut 1-5 Second docking port on 2 nd generation Salyuts increased onorbit life of the station to 5 years Second docking port on 2 nd generation Salyuts increased onorbit life of the station to 5 years Salyut 6, 7 Salyut 6, 7 3 rd generation Salyuts had 6 docking/berthing ports 3 rd generation Salyuts had 6 docking/berthing ports Mir (core) Mir (core) Zvezda Zvezda

21. Salyut Station + Soyuz Crew Vehicle

22. Skylab

23. Orbital Workshop (OWS) – primary structure Orbital Workshop (OWS) – primary structure Constructed from the S-IVB third stage of a Saturn V Constructed from the S-IVB third stage of a Saturn V Three other modules Three other modules Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA) Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA) Airlock Module (AM) Airlock Module (AM) Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) Single launch on a Saturn V Single launch on a Saturn V

24. Skylab

25. Skylab Orbital Workshop

26. Skylab - Airlock Module

27. Skylab - MDA

28. Skylab - ATM

31. Skylab Planned support by the Space Shuttle Shuttle’s initial launch in 1981 Skylab deorbited in 1979

32. Space Station Freedom

33. International Space Station Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station for the benefit of the international participants Name: Space Station Freedom Project: Announced in 1983 as part of President Regan’s space exploration initiative Budget request: NASA presented the Space Station Freedom funding proposal to Congress in 1987 International participants: More than a dozen countries - the major contributors were: USA USA ESA ESA Japan Japan Italy Italy Brazil Brazil

34. Space Station Freedom – Early Concepts

36. Space Station Freedom Space Station Freedom budget of $15 B was presented to Congress in 1987 NASA’s five phase project incorporated manned lunar exploration and manned Mars missions NASA’s five phase project incorporated manned lunar exploration and manned Mars missions Spacecraft and satellite servicing was a part of the proposed operations Spacecraft and satellite servicing was a part of the proposed operations Advanced power and propulsion systems were part of the technology development plan Advanced power and propulsion systems were part of the technology development plan Launch vehicle was to be the Space Shuttle Launch vehicle was to be the Space Shuttle Timeline proposed was for a 7-year construction period Timeline proposed was for a 7-year construction period

37. Space Station Freedom The dual keel, solar photovoltaic powered station was designed for launch by the primary launch system U.S. - the Space Shuttle The dual keel, solar photovoltaic powered station was designed for launch by the primary launch system U.S. - the Space Shuttle Congressional commitment was made for Space Station Freedom in 1989 with funding assistance from international partners that did not include Russia Congressional commitment was made for Space Station Freedom in 1989 with funding assistance from international partners that did not include Russia First habitation was planned for 1997 First habitation was planned for 1997

38. Space Station Freedom NASA's Space Station Freedom phase configuration (1987) 1. Assembly Complete Single-truss baseline space station 2. Enhanced Operations Capability (EOC) Power, experiments, and crew augmentation of baseline 3. Lunar Vehicle Capability Assembly, launch and recovery of lunar vehicles capability added 4. Extended Operations Capability Expanded crew, power, research capability with continuous lunar operation processing 5. Mars Vehicle Capability Mars mission vehicle assembly, checkout, and launch added to EOC

39. Space Station Freedom – Complete

40. Space Station Freedom – Dual Keel

42. Space Station Freedom NASA managers began a major redesign of the station in 1991 to regain Congressional and public interest in the SSF project Simplified the project and the station design and found partners that could help reduce costs The SSF became a two-phase project with man-tended capability (MTC), and permanently-manned capability (PMC) In 1991 a new opportunity opened with an old arch rival

43. Space Station Freedom Phase 1 Complete (circa 1993)

44. International Space Station Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented both Russia and the U.S. with major cooperative space opportunities Russia had little or no money to continue their Mir space station project and other space programs Russia had little or no money to continue their Mir space station project and other space programs The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF project The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF project Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine space station efforts, including the SSF international partners Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine space station efforts, including the SSF international partners These agreements were the birth of the International Space Station Alpha These agreements were the birth of the International Space Station Alpha

45. Space Station Freedom

46. International Space Station The International Space Station was a combined effort of the United States, Russia, and more than a dozen international partners Fused Russia's second generation Mir space station with the U.S. Space Station Freedom Originally called Space Station Alpha, the orbital facility reduced costs and multiplied the capabilities of both designs The ISS was conceived in the late 1980's with hardware being fabricated as early as the mid 1990's Much of the design and hardware of the Space Station Alpha has been incorporated into the International Space Station, with the first element launched in November, 1998