1. Toxicology Perspectives on Aviation Turbine Fuel from Alternative Feedstocks November 3, 2011 1 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org

2. Scope Aviation Turbine Fuel – D1655 Conventional Hydrocarbons Up to 50:50 Blend with Synthesized Hydrocar bons Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons - D7566 Synthesized Hydrocarbons Fischer-Tropsch SPK HEFA 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 2

3. Definitions From D7566 Conventional hydrocarbons - derived from crude oil, condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, or oil sands Synthesized hydrocarbons – derived from coal, natural gas, biomass, or hydrogenated fats and oils by processes such as gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and hydroprocessing 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 3

4. Chemical Substances Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150°C to 290°C (302°F to 554°F). 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 4

5. 5 CAS #NAME 8008-20-6Kerosene (petroleum) 64742-14-9Distillates(petroleum), acid-treated light 64742-31-0Distillates (petroleum), chemically neutralized light 64742-81-0Kerosene (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized 64742-47-8Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light 64742-96-7Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aliph. EPA’s High Production Volume Challenge Category – Kerosene/Jet Fuel

6. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 6 ProductStandardDesignation Kerosene No. 1-K or No. 2-KASTMD 3699 Jet A or Jet A-1ASTMD 1655 JP-8 and JP-8+100DODMIL-DTL-83133F JP-5DODMIL-DTL-5624 U Diesel Fuel No. 1-DASTMD 975 Gas Turbine Fuel Oil No. 1-GTASTMD 2880 Fuel Oil No. 1ASTMD 396 Kerosene Product Specifications

7. Goals for Workshop 1.Do the fuel specification put boundaries on the hydrocarbons constituents of jet fuel? 2.Does the manufacturing method/feedstock put boundaries on the hydrocarbon constituents of jet fuel? 3.What data is available to read-across to untested fuels? 4.What data do we still need? 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 7

8. 8

9. 9 Aromatics, D 5769, WT% Ave n=14MinMax Total10.467.5516.49 BENZENE0.010.000.02 TOLUENE0.140.060.50 ETHYLBENZENE0.150.080.26 M,P-XYLENE0.540.241.25 BTEX Content of Jet A

10. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 10 Component a Weight percent Nonaromatics80.27 Saturates78.61 Olefins1.66 Aromatics19.72 Less than three-ring PAC b ≈19.72 Three- to seven-ring PAC b <0.01 aAnalyzed by ASTM Method D1319-1, Fluorescent indicator Adsorption. bPolycyclic aromatic compounds. (Schreiner et al., 1997) Test Article for Dermal 90-day Subchronic and Repro/Developmental Screening Studies

11. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 11 Substance DMSO Extractable wt.% % ARC 1 % ARC 2 % ARC 3 % ARC 4 % ARC 5 % ARC 6 % ARC 7 Jet A2.60.52.10.0 JP-8 (unadditized)2.90.62.30.0 No. 1-K Kerosene1.90.61.40.0 Kerosene hydrodesulfurized1.90.41.50.0 Analysis of Kerosene/Jet Fuels for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by ASTM E 1687

12. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 12 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Melting Point (°C)not relevant Pour Point (°C)-55 to -47 Freezing Point (°C)-47 to -40 Boiling Point (°C)150 - 290 Vapor Pressure (hPa)3 to 35 Partition Coefficient 1 3.3 to >6 Water Solubility 1 (mg/L)4.8 - 12.4 Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category

13. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 13 Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category ENVIRONMENTAL FATE Photodegradation, OH¯ reaction T 1/2 1 (h or d)0.2 to 1.5 Stability in Waterstable Environmental Distribution distribution depends on HC class and compound MW. Air <1% - 99% Water <0.1% - 8% Soil <1% - 97% Biodegradation classificationinherently

14. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 14 Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Acute Fish LL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) 18 to 25 Acute Daphnia EL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) 1.4 to 21 Algae EL50 (mg/L WAF loading rate) ELr505.0 to 6.2 ELb505.9 to 11

15. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 15 Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category HEALTH EFFECTS Rat Acute Inhalation (mg/m 3 )LC50 >5,000 Rat Acute Oral (mg/kg)LD50 >5,000 Rat Acute Dermal (mg/kg)LD50 >2,000 Inhalation Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/m 3 )NOAEL >24 Dermal Rat Repeated-Dose (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495 Genotoxicity, in vitronegative Genotoxicity, in vivonegative Dermal Reproductive toxicity (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495 Inhalation Developmental toxicity (PPM)NOAEL >364 PPM Dermal Developmental toxicity (mg/kg/d)NOAEL 495

16. 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-4070 www.api.org 16 Other Data For Kerosine/Jet Fuel Category OTHER HEALTH EFFECTS Mouse Skin CancerNegative Immunotoxicity (Rat Dermal)Negative Immunotoxicity (Rat Inhalation)Negative Immunotoxicity (Mouse lnhalation)Negative Immunotoxicity (Mouse Dermal)Positive Ototoxicity? ?