2.  Usually done on the mid stream urine  Fresh voided urine  The container is clean and sterile (for culture )  The sample must be tested within 1hr

3. 1-apperance : When urine is clear that mean urine is free from WBC, RBC, Bacteria, epithelial cell. If urine is turbid we can found WBC,RBC,Bacteria. 2-color : Normal color for urine is straw,pale yellow,light yellow Abnormal in color colorless, dark yellow,red ……

4. 3-spacific gravity : Measure urine density or amount of solute in urine Normal SG for urine 1.025 Excessive water intake SG low 4-PH: Normal urine PH is (4.6-8.0) as averagen6.0

5. 1-protein : Test protein in urine by: Urine strip Sulfosalicylic acid Heating and cooling for bence jonce protein in multiple myeloma patients 2- Glucose : Under normal condition all most all of glucose filtrated If blood glucose is increase up to 180 mg/dl glucose appear in urine ( threshold value )

6. 3- blood 4- keton body 5-nitrite : Apositive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in urine 6- bilirubin:

7. 1-RBC 2-WBC 3-Bacteria 4-Epithelial cell 5-Cast

8. The cast may be (RBC cast, wbc cast, Hyaline cast, Granular cast, waxy cast ) 7- crystal IN acidic urine ( ca oxalate, amorphous urate, uric acid ) IN alkaline urine (ca phosphate, triple phosphate, amorphous phosphate )

11. 1-ova of schistosoma hematobium

12. 2- Trichomonas vaginalis