2. Communism is designed to be a “permanent revolution”. For this reason, communists are always in a state of war. Communism is very strict and not very peaceful.

3. Propaganda spread Mao’s message throughout China, brainwashing the public. Propaganda is the advertising of political points of view. Propaganda is generally untrue. Both Russia and China used propaganda to make the United States And its economic system seem evil.

4. Great Leap Forward

5. Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 In 1958, Mao decided that the Russian strategy of industrial development was not suitable for China. This urban, large-factory system was not having enough of an impact on the mass of the population in the countryside. Mao decided to opt for a unique Chinese method of industrialization.

6. Why The Great Leap Forward Program?WhyThe beginning Why was Mao ready for a change in economic policy by 1958? – Despite 5YP’s successes, Mao felt the time was ripe for the transition from socialism to communism Disliked the sprawling bureaucracy and increasing individualism Feared an entrenched system, which would be more difficult to alter Disheartened by disappointing grain yields – Also hoped for “spontaneous energizing of the whole nation” as he was very concerned with the lack of revolutionary spirit in China – Sino-Soviet relations were deteriorating, desired self-sufficiency What is the significance of the phrase poor and blank? – Despite China’s economic “backwardness” Mao felt this description of China’s peasantry was desirable-they were more eager for change – Also more likely to become “red and expert”

7. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandon the Soviet model of economic development – Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes

8. Failure of Great Leap Forward led to criticism of Mao Soviet criticism, withdrawal of Soviet industrial aid widened rift between two Communist nations By early 1960s, relations had broken down completely; China virtually isolated in world community China Virtually Isolated Plan was disaster; small commune factories failed to produce quantity, quality of goods China needed Combination of poor weather, farmers’ neglect led to sharp drops in agricultural production Famine spread through rural China; tens of millions starved to death between 1959 and 1961 Planning Disaster The Great Leap Forward

9. THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD During this trip I have witnessed the tremendous energy of the masses. On this foundation it is possible to accomplish any task whatsoever. - Mao Mao’s Goal: Making China an Industrial Powerhouse Second 5-Year Plan: The Great Leap Forward

10. Goal of Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution Constant process of ideologically inspired mass activism Producing “Great Leaps” Forward and “Cultural Revolution”

11. Ideology and Politics in Command Central planning abandoned

12. Economic Development Maoist Vision: De-centralized System Close gap between urban-rural – Industrialize countryside – Xiafang: technicians, intellectuals, youth to the countryside – commune

13. To create a Socialist Utopia: Dazhai Commune

14. ORGANIZE POPULATION INTO PRODUCTION UNITS – TOTAL CARE -- HEALTH, – EDUCATION, WELFARE – INSPIRE WITH CONTUNOUS IDEOLOGICAL WORK

15. When? 1958-1962 Why? To bring another success to the PRC success in carrying out land reforms success in other campaigns to attack the reactionaries Great Leap Forward: 2 nd Five Year Plan

16. Mao believed the country should focus on industry and food. Mao made a five year plan and called it The Great Leap Forward

17. Great Leap Forward The Commune is Like a Mighty Dragon, Production is awe-inspiring

18. To achieve self-sufficient economy disliked Soviet way of industrialization (putting heavy industry first) China would not do with high-tech factories which depended on foreign capital and assistance  to show that the Chinese way of industrialization was better than the Soviet way or the capitalist way

19. To end diplomatic isolation China was being isolated from other countries (capitalism) due to its practice of communism To catch up Britain and US and to break off diplomatic isolation  To raise international status of China

20. To increase productivity First Five Year plan completed earlier than expected But... serious economic problems remained unchanged unemployment (most peasants had little to do between harvesting and sowing)

23. Propaganda was everywhere – including the fields workers could listen to political speeches as they worked

24. Propaganda posters often use symbolism The dragon in this picture symbolizes steel production The bird symbolizes grain production How does this poster make you feel?

25. THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - PROPAGANDA & ENTHUSIASM Propaganda a Key Element Goal to Inspire Workers to Overachieve Goals Impressive Construction Projects Completed

26. Look for positive images and symbols in this picture. List several and explain to the person next to you why you think they are in this picture.

27. Effects of the Great Leap Forward

28. Accomplishments of Maoist Era Technology and Technical expertise transferred to Countryside Infrastructure: education, electrification, roads, rural industry, health care Gap between urban-rural narrowed

29. THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE Coal and iron cannot walk by themselves. They need vehicles to transport them. This I did not foresee. I and the Premier did not concern ourselves with this point. You could say we were ignorant of it…I am a complete outsider when it comes to economic construction. I understand nothing about industrial planning. Comrades, in 1958 and 1959, the main responsibility was mine, and you should take me to task…The chaos caused was on a grand scale, and I take responsibility. Comrades, you must analyze your own responsibility…If you have to fart, fart! You will feel much better for it. - Mao, 1959

30. Results of the Great Leap Forward 38 million died of: – Being worked to death – Others were killed, tortured, or imprisoned – Famine (the average daily calorie intake was 1,534.8 for men and 1,200 for women – Aushwitz got between 1,300-1,700 calories per day) Heavy industry developed (although it was still behind most large industrial countries) Agriculture lagged behind

31. Results of the Great Leap Forward Agriculture failed because: – Unscientific agricultural methods were used – There was a shortage of agricultural labor because of peasants working on industrial projects – The peasants disliked losing their private lots – Natural disasters – droughts and floods – Peasants didn’t work hard because grain was taken from them

32. Great Leap Forward Fails Ends in massive famine -- 3 lean years Struggle “Experts” vs. “Reds” Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Failure of Ideologically based Mass Campaigns

33. THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE - THE FARMING CRISIS Failure in the Countryside and Towns Not Enough People Working in Farming Over-reporting of Grain Harvests Good Weather Turns to Bad…Famine Intensifies 20 Million Die Due to Famine & Malnutrition

34. PROBLEMS: – POPULATION EXHAUSTED FROM POLTICAL CAMPAIGNS – INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL STAGNATION – Population triples (1.3 billion), 85% still in agriculture

35. The Great Leap Forward The Great Leap was made worse by ecological problems, and in 1959 and 1960, drought ravaged China. – Those that had embraced Mao’s reforms the most suffered worse than others, and in some areas, cannibalism arose. – OFFICIAL CHINESE REPORTS STATE THAT 14 MILLION PEOPLE STARVED. Actual figures may be much higher, in the 20-43 million range. All the while, officials hid the starvation and failures of steel production from Mao, but even when he found out, nothing was done because he could not admit that even nature had proven him wrong.

36. Intensified diplomatic isolation PRC was isolated from the western countries.  disliked Khrushchev and blamed him for revising Marxism-Leninism.  Khrushchev openly criticized the Great Leap Forward the relationship between China & the Soviet Union began to deteriorate

37. Russian Response to Great Leap Forward The Russians were insulted that the Chinese were no longer following their advice and pulled out their engineers. Many factories that were being built could not be finished because the Russians had the only plans and because the Russians were to provide the machinery.

38. Russian Response The Russians were insulted that the Chinese were no longer following their advice and pulled out their engineers. Many factories that were being built could not be finished because the Russians had the only plans and because the Russians were to provide the machinery.

39. Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1960 From 1960 onward, China and Russia had a great ideological quarrel. Mao asserted that the world was in a revolutionary situation. Mao expected revolution to come from the poor peasants of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

40. Sino-Soviet Dispute The Soviet Union was led in 1960 by Nikita Khrushchev and he insisted on the need for “peaceful coexistence” with the West. Khrushchev was against promoting revolution in Third World countries as China wished to do.

42. Great Leap Forward was failure could not bring increase in agricultural and industrial production The Great Failure Paved the way for the Cultural Revolution Aroused conflicting opinions among the Party leaders Mao Zedong wanted to gain back his power and to remove the opposition within the Party

43. The Cultural Revolution As the late 1950s moved on, China and the USSR competed to be the dominant Communist country in the world. Combined with the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao took a lesser role in China’s politics. – Some policies were relaxed, and Chinese farmers could finally move back into their homes and work their own small farm plots. – As his brand of Communism weakened, Mao felt that China had lost its revolutionary spark, and used the young adults of China to start his “Cultural Revolution.”

44. Results of the Great Leap Forward As a result of the failure on the Great Leap Forward, Mao retired from the post of chairman of the People's Republic of China His place as head of state was taken by Liu Shaoqi, but Mao remained important in determining overall policy

45. The Rise of the Moderates “The 3 Bitter Years” Caused by Mao Party Leaders Blame Mao for the Damage The disaster was 70% manmade and 30% due to natural causes. - Liu Shaoqi More Moderate Leaders Assume Power…Mao Loses Power. Enter Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, & Deng Xiaoping

46. The rise of the moderates The Chinese referred to the years of the famine as the ‘three bitter years’ They put part of the blame on the great leap forward Liu Shaoqi deputy leader of the party stated that : ‘The disaster was seventy per cent man made and thirty per cent natural causes

47. THE WANING OF MAO? Mao’s Power Gone? Still Extremely Popular and the Face of the Revolution Mao Reaction to the Moderates…The Cultural Revolution Peasants have dirty hands and cowshit-sodden feet, but they are much cleaner than intellectuals. - Mao

48. He’s Baaaaaaack! In the early 1960s Mao became highly critical of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. He was upset that: – Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin – Khrushchev was the head of the communist world – Khrushchev backed down over the Cuban Missile Crisis Mao staged this media event – him swimming in the Yangze River – to indicate that he was still vigorous and capable to lead China