2. 1. Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1976) 2. Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1985) 3. Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer, 2001) 4. Human Motivation Theory (McClelland, 1987) 5. Discovery Learning Theory (Bruner, 1915)

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4. Social learning theory explains human behaviour in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. People learn through observing others’ behaviour, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviours. According to Bandura, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Learning- Theories.com, 2007). Learning- Theories.comLearning- Theories.com Learning-Theories.com. (2007). Social Learning Theory (Bandura). Retrieved 15 November, 2013, from Learning-Theories.com: http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html

5. Based on my observation on young Thai adults’ behaviours, most of them learn to smoke from one another via observing their parent, imitating their friends, and modelling themselves on community. This is in accordance of Bandura’s theory that people learn through observing others’ behaviour, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviours (Learning-Theories.com, 2007). Learning-Theories.com

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7. Attribution Theory attempts to explain the world and to determine the cause of an event or behaviour (e.g. why people do what they do). The theory provides an important method for examining and understanding motivation in academic settings. In accordance of Weiner’s theory (Learneing-Theories.com, 2007), attribution theory is mainly about achievement. The most important factors affecting attributions are ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. Learneing-Theories.com Learneing-Theories.com. (2007). Attribution Theory (Weiner). Retrieved 16 November, 2013, from Learneing-Theories.com : http://www.learning-theories.com/weiners-attribution-theory.html http://www.learning-theories.com/weiners-attribution-theory.html

8. If students fail a test, they might think that they fail because exam paper is too difficult or the instruction is not clear enough for them. This certain attribution will affect their motivation level to engage in another activities as what stated by Weiner’s theory (Anderman, E & Anderman, L, 2009). Anderman, E & Anderman, LAnderman, E & Anderman, L Anderman, E & Anderman, L. (23 December, 2009). Attribution Theory. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Education.com: http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/ Anderman, E & Anderman, L. (23 December, 2009). Attribution Theory. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Education.com: http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/

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10. The theory is based on assumptions about how people learn from words and pictures. Mayer asserts that the best approach is to use spoken words directed toward the auditory channel and pictures and animations for the visual channel. This approach provides two sources of sensory processing without overloading either channel. Based on Mayer’s theory, people learn more deeply from pictures and spoken words than from pictures and printed words (O’Connor, 2010). O’Connor O’Connor, S. J. (30 June, 2010). Text and Graphics in Multimedia Presentations. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Openedweb.com: http://openedweb.com/blog/2010/06/30/text-and-graphics-in- multimedia-presentations/ http://openedweb.com/blog/2010/06/30/text-and-graphics-in- multimedia-presentations/http://openedweb.com/blog/2010/06/30/text-and-graphics-in- multimedia-presentations/

11. Assumedly, I have an economic lecture today. I attend and listen to the lecture. The lecturer just talks about the content. Thus, I might understand 60% of the lecture. What if the lecturer provides the content with visual aids, I most probably understand the whole ideas of the content. Plus, I might have a clear picture instead of memorizing the content. This shows that I learn better with spoken word and visual aids (e.g. pictures and graph) as what stated by Mayer (O’Connor, 2010). O’Connor

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13. The theory gives us a way of identifying people's motivating drivers. McClelland says that (Ltd, 1996), we all have three motivating drivers, and one of these will be our dominant motivating driver. This dominant motivator is dependent on our culture and life experiences. The three motivators are achievement (takes calculated risks to accomplish their goals), affiliation (wants to belong to the group), and power (wants to control and influence others). Ltd Ltd, M. T. (1996). McClelland's Human Motivation Theory. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from MindTools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/human-motivation-theory.htm http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/human-motivation-theory.htm

14. My sister is a person who does not like to be prised in public if she achieved something to the community. She might look embarrassed if I praise her in a crowd. This is how she responds to me, because she is an affiliation motivating driver, which means that she never wants to stand out in a crowd. Using theory of McClelland (Ltd, 1996), it would have helped me structure my feedback for her. So, my feedback would have been far more effective and appreciated if I had praised her in private. Ltd

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16. Discovery learning is an inquiry-based that takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned. There are some models that are based upon discovery learning theory (Learning-Theory.com, 2007). It includes: guided discovery, problem-based learning, simulation-based learning, case-based learning, incidental learning, among others. Learning-Theory.com Learning-Theory.com. (2007). Discovery Learning (Bruner). Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Learning- Theory.com: http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-learning-bruner.html http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-learning-bruner.html

17. In the context of school system, students are always given homework to tackle. This will give students more likely to remember concepts and knowledge that they have discovered. According to Bruner’s theory (Learning- Theory.com, 2007), students interact with the world by exploring and wrestling with questions and controversies, or performing experiments. As a result, students may be more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own. Learning- Theory.comLearning- Theory.com

18. Learning-Theories.com. (2007). Social Learning Theory (Bandura). Retrieved 15 November, 2013, from Learning-Theories.com: http://www.learning- theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.htmlhttp://www.learning- theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html Learneing-Theories.com. (2007). Attribution Theory (Weiner). Retrieved 16 November, 2013, from Learneing-Theories.com : http://www.learning-theories.com/ weiners-attribution-theory.htmlhttp://www.learning-theories.com/ weiners-attribution-theory.html Anderman, E & Anderman, L. (23 December, 2009). Attribution Theory. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Education.com: http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/ Learning-Theory.com. (2007). Discovery Learning (Bruner). Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Learning-Theory.com: http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery- learning-bruner.htmlhttp://www.learning-theories.com/discovery- learning-bruner.html

19. Ltd, M. T. (1996). McClelland's Human Motivation Theory. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from MindTools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/human- motivation-theory.htmhttp://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/human- motivation-theory.htm O’Connor, S. J. (30 June, 2010). Text and Graphics in Multimedia Presentations. Retrieved 17 November, 2013, from Openedweb.com: http://openedweb.com/blog/2010/06/30/text-and-graphics-in-multimedia- presentations/http://openedweb.com/blog/2010/06/30/text-and-graphics-in-multimedia- presentations/