1. Overview of catabolic pathways

2. Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism Triacylglycerols and glycogen are the two major forms of stored energy in vertebrates Glycogen can supply ATP for muscle contraction for less than an hour Sustained work is fueled by metabolism of triacylglycerols Fatty acids (FA) and glycerol for metabolic fuels are obtained from triacylglycerols: (1) In the diet (2) Stored in adipocytes (fat storage cells) An enzyme (hormone-sensitive lipase) converts triacylglycerols to free fatty acids and glycerol

3. Dietary Lipid (Triacylglycerol) Metabolism In the small intestine, fat particles are coated with bile salts and digested by pancreatic lipases

4. Lipoproteins Triacylglycerols, cholesterol and cholesterol esters assemble with phospholipids and apolipoproteins to form spherical particles called lipoproteins with Hydrophobic cores: triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters Hydrophilic surfaces: cholesterol, phospholipids, apolipoproteins

5. Summary of lipoprotein metabolism

6. Lipoproteins in human plasma

7. Fig 16.27 Triacylglycerol degradation

8. Activation and Transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria Fatty acids in the cytosol are activated by conversion to CoA thioesters costing two ATP equivalents The carnitine shuttle system transfers long-chain fatty acyl CoA from the cytosol into the mitochondria The  -oxidation cycle enzymes (mitochondrial) can then degrade the fatty acyl CoA

10. Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids

11. Net yield of ATP per palmitate oxidized to 16 CO 2 ATP generated 8 acetyl CoA80 7 QH 2 10.5 7 NADH17.5 108 ATP ATP expended to activate palmitate -2 Net yield: 106 ATP

12. Ketone Bodies Are Fuel Molecules During fasting or starvation, glucose is decreased, and excess acetyl CoA from fat metabolism can be converted to ketone bodies:  -Hydroxybutyrate Acetoacetate Acetone Ketone bodies can fuel brain cells during starvation Synthesis in the liver

13. Cholesterol Biosynthesis

14. Lovastatin resembles mevalonate and inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase