1. Leadership competencies in China’s civil service Yongping Wu Tsinghua University May 2014

2. From cadre to civil servant The establishment of civil servant system in China is a result of political development The transition of China’s political system: from totalitarian system to a post-totalitarian system The transition of the party: from a revolutionary party to a ruling party Cadre system: from 1949 to 1993 Civil servant system since 1993

3. Civil servant under the party-state system Civil servants under the management of both the party and the government Dual Institutional arrangements of Civil service

4. Double role of civil servants As part of civil servants, cadres are both party cadres and government civil servants

5. Civil service under the government Provisional Rules of Public Servants (1993): Recruitment, appraisal, award and punishment 、 appointment and dismiss Code of Civil Servants (2005): ▪Three categories : ◊ Comprehensive management; ◊ Technological professionals; ◊ Administration and law enforcement ▪ Two levels: ◊ Lead positions ◊ Non-lead positions

6. Civil service under the government The Bureau of Civil Servants under the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (2008) Charging the management of 7 million civil servants

7. Cadres under the party Lead positions are under the management of the Organization Department of the party cadres--leadership

8. Cadres under the Party Organization Department “Party’s management on cadres” The overwhelming majority of civil servants are party members

9. Appointment and recruitment Cadres are appointed by the organization departments of the party Civil servants are recruited through exams

10. yearParticipants of exam People recruited ratio 20013290445007.3:1 200255772480013:1 200387609547516:1 2004120000757215:1 2005290000827135:1 20065000001028248.6:1 20075350001272442:1 20086400001378746:1 20097750001356658:1 20109270001552659:1 20119020001529059:1 20129700001794153:1

11. Appraisal Cadres are evaluated by the Organization Departments of the Party Other civil servants are evaluated by their own departments Evaluate what? Economic goals, political goals(stability), social goals, environmental goals, etc.

12. Training Training is a major measure to enhance the leadership competencies of civil servants in China. Organizational and financial guarantee. Party schools from the center down to prefecture level, all ministries,. Chinese Academy of Governance (State Council), Academies of Governance down from the Central Government are combined with party schools. All cadres in lead positions go to party schools for training at various length of time. All civil servants are required to take part in executive education held by universities. Funds are guaranteed.

13. Reserve cadres The party organizations charging the selection of non-chief cadres of its level and chiefs of the next level Charging the selection of younger cadres into reserve cadres

14. Civil servants’ Leadership competencies in a rapid economic development society There is no a single model of civil service for all countries. Chinese experience provides a case of what leadership competences are required and how they are shaped in a rapid growth country.

15. Leadership competencies and government’s role in economic development From 1979, economic development was set as the top priority of the country Local governments play as a significant role in economic development—a unique Chinese characteristic How this happened?

16. Competencies and economic leadership Appraisal is shifted to economic growth Leadership competencies must be mobilized in order to complete the mission What leadership competencies are required for economic growth? ◊ Resource mobilization ability ◊ Coordination ability ◊ Learning ability

17. How are the competencies forged? Appraisal is focused on economic affairs Civil servants’ promotion largely depends on economic performance of their administrative regions Economic appraisal became a command stick for cadres. From the center down to each level of government, sub-contracting strategy is used

18. Economic appraisal and a developmental state Championship contest for promotion based on economic performance becomes a significant phenomenon Civil servants are mobilized to fulfill the mission of economic development After over 3 decades of economic development, focus begins to shift to social development and environmental protection The strategy taken by the Chinese government is to change the appraisal contents, downplaying the significance of economic data like GDP, emphasizing the importance of social and environmental data

19. Lessons from China Leadership competences in civil service should advance with the times. Leadership competencies are forged by particular circumstances rather than by theories. Institutions and mechanisms producing leadership competencies vary from country to country and from time to time within a country.