1. Muslim Civilizations

2. Section 2: Building a Muslim Empire
Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father-in-law, was the first caliph, Islamic ruler.
Some Arab tribes did not want to follow Abu, however he was able to reunite tribes.
Muslims were then able to conquer the Persians and portions of the Byzantine Empire.

3. Sunnis and Shiites Shiites Sunnis
Believe the true successors to Muhammad are descendants of his daughter, Fatima and son-in-law Ali.
Believe the Imams, the descendants, are divine inspired leaders and interpret the Quran and Muhammad’s actions.
Sunnis
Believe that any good Muslim can lead the community.
Majority of Muslims, believe inspiration comes from Muhammad’s example
90% of Muslims are Sunni
Similarities
Believe in the same God
Look to Quran for guidance
Follow Pillars of Islam
Sufis
Mystics that communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and rituals.
Traveled and spread Islam to remote villages.

4. Umayyad & Abbasids
Umayyad (oo my ad) caliphs expanded and spread Muslim civilizations through parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Reasons for Success
Weak Byzantine and Persian empires
Efficient fighting
Conquered People and Lands
Allowed people to practice any religion they wanted, but non-Muslims had restrictions and a tax on them.
Many people did convert to Islam
The Umayyad's began struggling to control the vast empires.
Tension between wealthy Arabs and less wealthy non-Arabs caused issues.
Abbasid dynasty took over the Umayyad's and had support from Shiites and non-Arabs.
Equality for all Muslims
Capital moved to Baghdad
City of Peace, Gift of God, Paradise on Earth
Abbasid Empire Declines
Seljuk Turks converted to Islam and forced the Christian pope to call for the First Crusade
Mongols burned and looted Baghdad, conquering Muslim and non-Muslim lands.

5. Section 3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
Muslim civilization blended with other cultures to create a unique civilization.
Camel trading caravans crossed the Sahara and followed the Silk Road into China
People began converting to Islam and learned Arabic- common religion and language helped global trade expand.
Goods
Steel swords, leather goods, cotton textiles, Persian carpets, fine glassware, furniture, and tapestries
Social Mobility: Ability to move up in social class. People could improve their social rank through religious, scholarly, or military achievements.
Slavery- Common in Muslim lands, but freeing slaves was an act of charity. Slaves worked in houses or were skilled artisans. .

6. Muslim Art, Literature, & Architecture
Islamic Literature: The Quran, it banned the worship of idols. Artists were not allowed to use God or human figures in their religious art.
Chivalry and romance of nomadic life were themes Muslim poetry
Arab writers gathered and adapted stories from other cultures as well. The Thousand and One Nights is one of the most famous group of tales.

7. Muslims Seek Knowledge
Boys and girls received elementary education.
Reading and writing was emphasized
Libraries and centers of learning were established in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu
Translated other great works
Ibn Rushd: Put all knowledge, except the Quran, to the test of reason
Ibn Khaldun (ib un kal doon): Set standards for scientific study of history, urged historians to trust sources only after thorough investigations
Mathematics & Medicine
al-Khwarizmi: He pioneered Algebra and developed astronomical tables based on the Greek and Indian discoveries.
Physicians and pharmacists had to pass tests before they could practice. The government set up hospitals, doctors traveled to people that could not get to the city.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Persian physician, wrote Canon on Medicine, a medical encyclopedia that contained treatments and diagnoses of diseases and prescriptions

8. Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Delhi sultanate started the Muslim rule in northern India
Hindu princes were battling each other inside of fighting a common enemy
Large numbers of Hindus from low castes converted to Islam
Muslims in India changed the culture and government
The Mongol raids forced many to leave Baghdad and head to India bringing Persian and Greek learning
Muslims and Hindus Clash
Muslims conquest destroyed many Buddhist monasteries and Hindus were killed. Hindus may have converted to escape death.
Delhi sultans became tolerant of Hindu subjects
Allowed rajahs, local Hindu rulers to stay in place
Indian Muslims absorbed aspects of Hindu culture
Urdu language- Persian, Arabic, and Indian language spoken in Delhi

9. Sikhism (seek iz um) Mughal India
Religion that arose from Nanak’s teachings of a blend of Islam and Hinduism
Mughal India
Babur (descendent of Genghis Khan) head of Turkish and Mongol armies
Conquered Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty
Akbar (Babur’s grandson) was the chief builder of the Mughal empire
Created a strong central government, had a policy of tolerance to Hindus. He allowed any caste to have a government job and Hindu princes helped rule the empire.
He ended the tax that non-Muslims were forced to pay and he married a Hindu princess.

10. After Akbar’s death, his son, Jahangir (juh HAHN geer), took over but was a very weak ruler. Jahangir’s wife, Nur Jahan was a strong leader.
During Shah Jahan’s (Akbar’s grandson) reign, it was the highest point of Mughal art, literature, and architecture.
When his wife died, he was so distraught that he built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for her.

11. Ottoman and Safavid Empires
New technology helped create strong governments.
Cannons and muskets gave firepower to foot soldiers
Ottomans
Turkish speaking people came from Central Asia and expanded into Eastern Europe
Crushed the Byzantine empire-took over Constantinople (Istanbul) which became the Ottoman capital.

12. Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Suleiman (soo lay mahn)
General that conquered many lands, in the Middle East and west into Europe.
He believed to be the heir of the Abbasids and caliph of all Muslims.
“Emperor” & “Protector of the Sacred Places” (Mecca & Medina)

13. Society divided into classes Men of the Sword & Men of the Pen
Suleiman had absolute power but had help from a council. A bureaucracy supervised the business of government and the military kept peace
Society divided into classes
Men of the Sword & Men of the Pen
Sword: Guarded the sultan and defended the state
Pen: Scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets
Men of Negotiation
Merchants, tax collectors, and artisans
Men of Husbandry
Farmers and herders
Men of Sword and Pen were almost all Muslims. The other classes included non-Muslims
Men of the Sword
&
Men of the Pen
Men of Negotiation
Men of Husbandry

14. Ottoman Culture Janizaries (jan ih sehr eez)
Elite force of Ottoman army
Rigorous military training
Non-Muslim boys and girls served as slaves in Muslim houses
After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline.
Advances in technology in Europe, as well as Russia and others claimed Ottoman land added to the decline.

15. Safavid Empire
Safavids (located between the Mughals and Ottomans, Iran today)
Shiite Muslims while the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims
Safavid king is called a shah
Shah Abbas the Great
Built a new capital, Isfahan, which was the center for international silk trade.
Centralized the government and created a strong military force
After Shah Abbas’s death, the empire declined. Shiite scholars challenged the shahs and wanted to persecute those of other religions. Rebels were able to defeat armies and capture Isfahan.