1. Chapter 12 Modeling Transportation Systems
SIMULATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS WITH ARENA
T. Altiok and B. Melamed
Chapter 12
Modeling Transportation Systems
Altiok / Melamed Simulation Modeling and Analysis with Arena
Chapter 12

2. Examples of Transportation Systems
Examples of simulation modeling and analysis projects for transportation systems include
designing new traffic routes and alternate routes to satisfy demand for additional road capacity
eliminating bottlenecks and congestion points in existing routes by appropriate placement of traffic lights and tollbooths
designing traffic patterns on the factory floor, including transporters and conveyors, for efficient movement of raw material and product
designing port facilities, such as berths and piers, and allocating vessels to berths, where such designs include material handling systems (loaders/unloaders, transporters, conveyors and others) for containers and bulk material transport
designing new airports or adding runways to existing ones to satisfy demand for additional flight capacity, where such designs include air traffic patterns and routing, runway scheduling and planning cargo operations
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3. Advanced Transfer Template Panel
The panel supports modules that provide additional mechanisms of time-lapse transfer of Arena entities among Station modules or geographic locations
Route modules may be used as dispatch points, and Station modules as destination points
Transporter and Conveyor modules may be used for material transport
the Enter and Leave modules may be used to transfer entities into and out of physical or logical locations
the PickStation module allows entities to select a destination Station module using a selection criterion, such as the minimum or maximum of queue size, number of busy resource units, or an arbitrary expression
alternatively, an entity can be endowed with an itinerary using the Sequence module to specify a sequence of Station modules (referred to in Arena as Step objects)
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4. Station and Route Modules
A Station module is used to designate a physical location or a logical location in the model
example: a physical location might be a milling station that physically houses milling machines
example: a logical location might be a dummy station at a model site close to a cluster of related modules
A Route module is used to route (transfer) entities to Station modules at various locations in the model
the destination Station module may be specified in an entity attribute as an expression, as a Station module name, or as part of an itinerary
defined in a Sequence module
Route modules are not graphically connected to destination Station modules
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5. Transporter and Conveyor Modules
The Advanced Transfer template panel also provides specialized transportation facilities for material handling in manufacturing-related systems
a Transporter module is used to model transporters (vehicles, such as trucks, forklifts, container carriers , etc.), which move material in discrete parcels
a Conveyor module is used to model conveyors (continuous-mode conveyance facilities, such as conveyor belts)
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6. The Arena Transportation Network
In order to implement transporters or conveyors, the modeler specifies a transportation network consisting of
locations (Station modules)
topology (distances among locations)
Network topology is specified in
Distance (data) modules (for transporters)
Segment (data) modules (for conveyors)
Once the velocities of transports and conveyors are known, Arena will automatically compute the corresponding travel times
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7. Transportation Rules of Operation
When an Arena entity gets hold of a transporter,
the entity enters a Transport module for the duration of the transportation activity
the entity and the transporter move as a group
When the group (entity and transporter) arrives at its destination Station module,
the entity frees the transporter (possibly after a delay for unloading), and exits the Transport module
the transporter will stay at that Station module until requested again
when an entity accesses a conveyor
the entity enters a Convey module for the duration of the conveyance activity
during the conveyance activity, the entity occupies a number of cells on the conveyor
On arrival at its conveyance destination Station module,
the entity exits the conveyor and releases the conveyor cells it had occupied before, and exits the Convey module.
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8. Additional Transportation Modules
A number of additional modules regulate the operation of transporters and conveyors
the Free module is used to release a transporter engaged by an entity
the Exit module is used to release a conveyor engaged by an entity
the Activate module is used to start transporters
the Halt module is used to stop transporters
the Start module is used to start conveyors
the Stop module is used to stop conveyors
the Move module is used to advance a transporter among stations
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9. The Arena Animate Transfer toolbar
The Animate Transfer toolbar supports visualization and animation of various transportation devices, such as transporters and conveyors
This toolbar’s buttons are shown below
The Arena Animate Transfer toolbar
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10. Animate Transfer Buttons
The Animate Transfer toolbar buttons are (left to right):
1. The Storage button is used to animate the contents of a storage, similarly to the Queue button of the Animate toolbar Internally, the Store and Unstore modules (from the Advanced Process template panel) provide the functionality of entities entering and departing a storage, while the number of entities in storage is accessible in the SIMAN variable NSTO(storage)
2. The Seize button allows the modeler to define a so-called seize area to animate entities seizing a resource.
3. The Parking button allows the modeler to define a so-called parking area to animate parking area for transporters.
4. The Transporter button allows the modeler to design a visual representation (picture) for a transporter.
5. The Station button permits the specification an icon for Station module.
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11. Animate Transfer Buttons (Cont.)
6. the Intersection button permits the specification of an intersection in a network of automated guided vehicles (AGVs), which are transporter type objects that must keep track of their positions to avoid collisions
7. The Route button is used to specify the animation path for moving entities in the system
8. The Segment button is used to specify the animation path of a conveyor
9. The Distance button is used to specify the animation path of a transporter
10. The Network button is used to specify the animation path of an AGV
11. The Promote Path button is used to promote a visual line to an animation path of a desired object
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12. Example: A Bulk Port Model
This example models bulk port operations, using the notions of
station
entity routing among stations
entity pick-up and drop-off by another entity
the control of entity movements using logical gating
The example models a bulk port, called Port Tamsar, where
the port operates continually 24 hours a day and 365 days a year
it has a single berth where the vessels dock, and a single ship loader
cargo vessel movements in the port are governed by tugboats
We wish to simulate Port Tamsar for 1 year (8760 hours) and to estimate
berth and ship-loader utilization
expected port time per ship
Modeling accuracy of operations at Port Tamsar
a number of operating details have been omitted to simplify modeling
still, the foregoing description is quite realistic and applicable to many bulk-material ports and container ports around the world
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13. Altiok / Melamed Simulation Modeling and Analysis with Arena
Layout of Port Tamsar
Tugboat Station
0.5 hour
Tugboat
Offshore
Ship Anchorage
1 hour
Coal-Loading
Berth
Ship
Loader
Coal
Pile
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14. Port Tamsar Ship Arrivals
Ship arrivals are governed by the following rules of operation:
while the annual coal production plan calls for nominal deterministic ship arrivals at the rate of 1 ship every 28 hours, ships usually do not arrive on time due to weather conditions, rough seas, or other reasons, and consequently, each ship is given a 5-day grace period commonly referred to as the lay period
ships are assumed to arrive uniformly in their lay periods
arriving ships queue up FIFO (if necessary) at an offshore anchorage location, whence they are towed into port by a single tugboat as soon as the berth becomes available
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15. Port Tamsar Tugboat operations
Tugboats are governed by the following rules of operation:
the tugboat is stationed at a tug station located at a distance of 1/2 hour away from the offshore anchorage
travel between the offshore anchorage and the berth takes 1 hour
it is assumed that there is an uninterrupted coal supply to the ship loader at the coal-loading berth
it is assumed that ship loading times are uniformly distributed between and 18 hours
once a ship is loaded at the berth, the tugboat tows it away to the offshore anchorage, whence the boat departs with its coal for its destination
higher priority is given to departing vessels in seizing the tugboat
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16. Port Tamsar Tide Dynamics
An important environmental factor in many port locations around the world is tidal dynamics
cargo ships are usually quite large and need deep waters to get into and out of port
water depth increases with high tide and decreases with low (ebb) tide
the time between two consecutive high tides is precisely 12 hours
assume that ships can go in and come out of port safely only during tidal window consisting of the middle 4 hours of high tide
thus, every 12 hours, the tidal window at the port is closed for 8 hours and open for 4 hours
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17. Arena model segment implementing ship arrivals at Port Tamsar
Modeling Ship Arrivals
Arena model segment implementing ship arrivals at Port Tamsar
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18. Modeling Ship Arrivals (Cont.)
The Arena model segment implementing ship arrivals has the following logic:
ship arrivals are generated deterministically by the Create module, called Vessel Arrivals, one ship every 28 hours
on creation, a ship entity immediately proceeds to the Delay module, called Lay Period, where it is delayed uniformly between 0 and 120 hours to model an actual arrival within its lay period
in due time, the ship entity enters the Assign module, called Mark Arrival Time, where its (actual) arrival time is stored in its ArrTime attribute
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19. Dialog box of the Seize module Get Berth
Ship Arrivals Modules
Dialog box of the Seize module Get Berth
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20. Dialog box of the Hold module Check Tide_1
Ship Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Hold module Check Tide_1
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21. Dialog box of the Hold module Inbound Wait for Tug Boat
Ship Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Hold module Inbound Wait for Tug Boat
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22. Arena model segment implementing tugboat operations at Port Tamsar
Modeling Tugboat Operation
Arena model segment implementing tugboat operations at Port Tamsar
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23. Modeling Tugboat Operation (Cont.)
The Arena model segment implementing tugboat operation has the following logic:
at time 0, a single tugboat is created at the Create module, called Create Tug
the tugboat then proceeds to the Station module, called Tug Station, which merely serves as an entry point in the model
the tugboat immediately proceeds to the Hold module, called Monitor Need for Tugboat, to monitor and wait for service “requests”
the ship entity waits in the queue Inbound Wait for Tug Boat.Queue
until the tugboat becomes available
the tugboat segment will ensure that the tugboat constantly monitors the queue Inbound Wait for Tug Boat.Queue for ships waiting to be towed into port
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24. Dialog box of the Create module Create Tug
Tugboat Operation Modules
Dialog box of the Create module Create Tug
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25. Dialog box of the Station module Tug Station
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Station module Tug Station
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26. Dialog box of the Hold module Monitor Need for Tugboat
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Hold module Monitor Need for Tugboat
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27. Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
The logic of the Hold module, called Monitor Need for Tugboat, accomplishes the following functions:
via the Condition field, the tugboat entity constantly monitors two queues, Inbound Wait for TugBoat.Queue and Outbound Wait for tugBoat.Queue, for ships calling on its services
the monitored condition is the logical expression
NQ(Inbound Wait for Tug Boat.Queue) + NQ(Outbound Wait for Tug Boat.Queue) > 0
which scans for ship entities waiting for the tugboat in either of the Hold module’s queues housing inbound or outbound ships
once the scan condition becomes true, the tugboat will immediately
proceed to the Decide module, called Who Wants Tug Boat, to find out if the request is from an inbound ship or a (high priority) outbound ship
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28. Dialog box of the Decide module Who Wants Tug Boat
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Decide module Who Wants Tug Boat
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29. Dialog box of the Route module Go to Departing Vessel Station
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Route module Go to Departing Vessel Station
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30. Dialog box of the Pickup module Pickup Inbound Vessel
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Pickup module Pickup Inbound Vessel
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31. Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
The logic of a Pickup module accomplishes the following functions:
generally, a Pickup module is used by an incoming entity to pick up other entities residing in a queue
the number of entities to be picked up is specified in the Quantity field, starting from the queue position specified in the Starting Rank field
the queue itself is specified in the Queue Name field
the picking entity and the picked-up entities form a grouped entity, where the picked-up members form an internal queue, and are identified by their rank (position) in it
since the picking entity may make several pickups (at different times or places), picked-up members of the group maintain their identity ID via their rank
rank information may be used in entity drop-off
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32. Dialog box of the Route module Go to Loading Station
Tugboat Operation Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Route module Go to Loading Station
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33. Arena model segment implementing coal loading at Port Tamsar
Modeling Coal Loading
Arena model segment implementing coal loading at Port Tamsar
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34. Dialog box of the Station module Coal Loading Station
Coal Loading Modules
Dialog box of the Station module Coal Loading Station
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35. Dialog box of the Dropoff module Dropoff Inbound Vessel
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Dropoff module Dropoff Inbound Vessel
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36. Dialog box of the Seize module Seize Loader
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Seize module Seize Loader
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37. Dialog box of the Release module Release Loader and Berth
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Release module Release Loader and Berth
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38. Dialog box of the Pickup module Pickup Vessel
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Pickup module Pickup Vessel
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39. Dialog box of the Hold module Check Tide_2
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Hold module Check Tide_2
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40. Dialog box of the Record module Tally Port Time
Coal Loading Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Record module Tally Port Time
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41. Arena model segment implementing tidal windows at Port Tamsar
Modeling Tidal Windows
Arena model segment implementing tidal windows at Port Tamsar
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42. Dialog box of the Create module Create Tidal Window
Tidal Windows Modules
Dialog box of the Create module Create Tidal Window
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43. Dialog box of the Assign module Close
Tidal Windows Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Assign module Close
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44. Port Tamsar Simulation Results
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45. Port Tamsar Simulation Results (Cont.)
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46. Port Tamsar Simulation Results For model with a shorter lay periods
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47. Incoming Cars to Toll Plaza
Example: A Toll Plaza Model
This example models a toll plaza system on the New Jersey Turnpike, consisting of
2 exact-change (EC) lanes
2 cash-receipt (CR) lanes
1 Easy Pass (EZP) lane
The layout of the toll plaza is shown below
Toll
Booths
Exact Change
(EC)
Lanes
EZ Pass
(EZP)
Lane
Cash Receipt
(CR)
Incoming Cars to Toll Plaza
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48. Inter Arrival Time Distribution (in seconds)
Toll Plaza Car Arrivals and Service
Arriving vehicles select lanes (no jokeying allowed) as follows:
1) 50% of all arriving cars go to EC lanes, and their service time distribution is (only the non-negative values are used)
2) 30% of all arriving cars go to CR lanes, and their service time
distribution is
3) 20% of all arriving cars go to the EZP lane, and their service time distribution is
Traffic congestion is non-stationary (heavier during morning and evening rush hours and lighter during off-peak hours) as follows:
Time Period (in hours)
Inter Arrival Time Distribution (in seconds)
0 AM– 6 AM
6 AM – 9 AM
9 AM – 16 PM
16 PM – 19 PM
19 PM – 24 PM
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49. Toll Plaza Cash-Receipt Booths
The number of operating cash-receipt booths varies over time as follows:
since such booths must be manned, and therefore are expensive to operate, one of them is closed during the off-peak hours
only during morning and evening rush hours do all cash-receipt booths remain open
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50. Toll Plaza Performance Issues
Performance analysis objectives for the toll plaza system address the following issues:
1. What would be the impact of additional traffic on car delays?
2. Would adding another booth markedly reduce waiting times?
3. Could some booths be closed during some light traffic hours without appreciably increasing waiting times?
4. What would be the impact of converting some cash-receipt booths to exact-change booths or to easy pass booths?
5. How would waiting times be reduced if both cash-receipt booths were to be kept open at all times?
We wish to address the last issue above, using the following performance metrics
average time to pass through the system
booth utilization
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51. Altiok / Melamed Simulation Modeling and Analysis with Arena
Modeling Car Arrivals
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52. Dialog box of the Create module Cars Arriving
Car Arrivals Modules
Dialog box of the Create module Cars Arriving
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53. Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box for specifying sampling distributions (top)
for time-dependent inter-arrivals in vector Int_Times (bottom)
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54. Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Assign module Assign Type and Modify Congestion Period
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55. Dialog box of the Decide module Which Type
Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Decide module Which Type
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56. Dialog box of the Station module set for EC tollbooths
Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Station module set for EC tollbooths
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57. Dialog box of the PickStation module Exact Change Cars
Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the PickStation module Exact Change Cars
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58. Dialog box of the PickStation module Cash Receipt Cars
Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the PickStation module Cash Receipt Cars
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59. Car Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
In the PickStation module, called Cash Receipt Cars,
while tollbooth CR_1 is open, then 1-MR(CRS_1) = 0, and the expression for CR_1 evaluates to NQ(CRSQ_1), so that the tollbooth selection will be made based on the minimum of NQ(CRSQ_1) and NQ(CRSQ_2), as required
conversely, while tollbooth CR_1 is closed, then 1-MR(CRS_1) = and NQ(CRSQ_1) = 0, and the expression for CR_1 evaluates to 1000, and since this number exceeds NQ(CRSQ_2) by assumption, tollbooth CR_2 is sure to be selected, as required
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60. Dialog box of the Seize module Proceed to EC Booth
Car Services Modules
Dialog box of the Seize module Proceed to EC Booth
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61. Dialog box of the resource set EC Servers
Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the resource set EC Servers
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62. Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the spreadsheet views of sets in the Set module (bottom)
and of the members of resource set EC Servers (top)
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63. Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the spreadsheet views of sets in the Set module (bottom)
and of the members of resource set EC Servers (top)
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64. Dialog box of the Delay module Pay Exact Change
Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Delay module Pay Exact Change
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65. Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the spreadsheet views of capacity schedules
in the Schedule module (bottom)
and corresponding durations of server CRS_1 at the tollbooth CR_1 (top)
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66. Dialog box of the Release module Leave EC Booth
Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Release module Leave EC Booth
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67. Dialog box of the Record module Record Flow Times
Car Services Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Record module Record Flow Times
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68. Toll Plaza Simulation Results
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69. Toll Plaza Simulation Results (Cont.)
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70. Toll Plaza Simulation Results (Cont.)
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71. Improved Toll Plaza System
The dramatic impact of the closure of tollbooth CR_1 during off-peak hours leaves room for improvement
to what extent would the flow times of CR cars be improved, if tollbooth CR_1 were to remain open at all times?
It is easy to modify the tollbooth plaza Arena model to reflect this improved operating rule
merely set the capacity of server resource CRS_1 to 1 at all times
Simulation results show next the extent of the corresponding performance improvement
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72. Improved Toll Plaza Simulation Results
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73. Example: A Gear Job Shop Model
This example models a gear job shop consisting of
an arrival dock
a milling station with 4 milling machines
a drilling station with 3 drilling machines
a paint shop with 2 spray booths
a polishing area with a single worker
a shop exit
Gear types are G1, G2, G3 with distinct operations plans (sequences)
The layout of the job shop and gear sequences are shown below
Drilling
Station
Arrival
Dock
Milling
Shop
Exit
Painting
Polishing G1 G2 G3
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74. Distances Among Job Shop Locations
The table below lists the job shop locations and their distances
From
Location To
Distance
(in feet)
Arrival Dock
Milling Station
100
Drilling Station
300
Paint Shop
400
Polishing Area
150
250
Shop Exit
200
550
500
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75. Altiok / Melamed Simulation Modeling and Analysis with Arena
Gear Operations Plans
The table below lists the gear operations plans
Gear
Type
Operations
Sequence
Processing
Times
(in minutes) G1
Milling 35
Drilling 20
Painting 55
Polishing 15 G2 25 G3 18
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76. Gear Job Shop Performance Issues
The following statistics are of interest:
gear flow times (by type)
gear delays at production stations
machine utilizations
To analyze the performance of the job shop, we plan to run a simulation over 1 year of operation
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77. Gear Arrivals and Departures Models
Arena model segment implementing gear arrivals at the arrival dock
and transport to the job shop floor
Arena model segment implementing gear transport from the job shop floor
to the shop exit and flow time statistics collection
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78. Job Shop Floor Manufacturing Model
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79. Dialog box of the Create module Create Jobs
Gear-Job Arrivals Modules
Dialog box of the Create module Create Jobs
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80. Dialog box of the Assign module Assign Job Type and Sequence
Gear-Job Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Assign module Assign Job Type and Sequence
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81. Gear-Job Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog boxes of spreadsheet views of sequences in a Sequence module (bottom),
operations steps of type G1 gears (middle)
and milling time assignment of type G1 gears (top)
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82. Dialog box of the Request module Request a Truck
Gear-Job Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Request module Request a Truck
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83. Dialog box of the Transport module Transport to Shop Floor
Gear-Job Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Transport module Transport to Shop Floor
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84. Dialog box of the Free module Free Truck at Mill
Gear-Job Arrivals Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Free module Free Truck at Mill
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85. Gear-Job Service Modules
Dialog box of the Process module Milling
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86. Dialog box of the Request module Request Truck at Milling
Gear-Job Service Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Request module Request Truck at Milling
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87. Dialog box of the Record module Tally Flow Time
Gear-Job Service Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Record module Tally Flow Time
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88. Gear-Job Service Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Transporter spreadsheet module (bottom)
and the dialog box of the Initial Position Status field (top)
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89. Gear-Job Service Modules (Cont.)
Dialog box of the Distance spreadsheet module (left)
and the dialog box of its Stations field (right)
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90. Job Shop Simulation Results
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91. Job Shop Simulation Results (Cont.)
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92. Modified Job Shop Model
To reduce the wait at the paint shop, modify the job shop model by increasing the number of paint booths from 2 to 3
The simulation results of the modified job shop are shown below
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