1. 6 Kingdoms of Life Plants & Fungi Part II

2. What are Protists?  Very diverse group of organisms containing over 200,000 species  NOT members of the kingdoms plantae, animalia, fungi or bacteria  Eukaryotes  Most are unicellular

3. Protists  Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.  Most are unicellular Odds & Ends Kingdom

4. Amoeba Euglena Rotifer Algae

5. Protists Nutrition  Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

6. Classification of Protists  Protists are classified by the way they obtain food.  3 groups of Protists: Animal-like Plant-like Fungus-like

7. Animal-Like Protists  Consume other organisms for food  Known as protozoan (“first animals”)  Move around to find food  Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium

8. Types of movements:  Zooflagellates (flagella-whip like structure that propel a cell to move

9. Types of movements:  Sarcodine  Psuedopod- “false foot”-projection of the cytoplasm

10. Types of movements:  Ciliates  Cilia- hair like projection)

11. Animal-like Protists:  Sporozoans Parasitic to animals Do not move on their own

12. Feeding Structures  Contractile vacuole- cavity used to collect water and remove it from the cell.  Food vacuole- cavity used that temporality stores food.  Oral groove- used to take in food.

13. Drill Partners  Turn to your neighbor and drill one another on the four categories of animallike protists and how they move.  Make certain you both know the four categories and can recall them from memory.

14. Plant-Like Protists  Produce their own food using chlorophyll and photosynthesis.  Ex: Euglena, Algae

15.  Euglenophytes  Chrysophytes  Diatoms  Dinoflagellates Plant-Like Protists

16.  Euglenophytes  Commonly found in freshwater  have two flagella  BUT NO CELL WALL  Decendants of algae

17. Plant-Like Protists  Chrysophytes  “golden algae”  Found in freshwater (lakes)  Primary food source for zooplankton

18. Plant-Like Protists  Diatoms Among the most abundant, beautiful major group of algaealgae Largest group of marine eukaryotes one of the most common types of phytoplankton phytoplankton Producers in food chain Most are unicellularunicellula

19. Plant-Like Protists  Dinoflagellates Large group of flagellate protists Most are marine plankton Both autotrophs and heterotrophs Combine photosynthesis with ingestion of prey Algal bloom of dinoflagellates can result in red tide

20. Fungus-Like Protists  Consume dead or decaying matter  Called slime molds or water molds

21. Protist Reproduction  Congjuation  Asexually by mitosis  Sexually using gametes

22. Protists  Some are beneficial  Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

23. Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Vector (carrier) SymptomsDetails waterdiarrheacan get from tap water in some places

24. Protists Disease Giardiasis - (beaver fever) Vector (carrier) SymptomsDetails waterdiarrhea, vomitingdon't drink water from streams

25. Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness Vector (carrier) SymptomsDetails Tse tse fly uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood

26. Protists Disease - Malaria 1.An infected mosquito bites a human. 2.The mosquitoes saliva which has the Protist, gets into the humans blood. 3.The Protist infects the human liver cells and red blood cells, where it multiplies quickly. 4.This causes the RBC’s to burst and release more protists. 5.SYMPTOMS: fever, chills, death 6.results in millions deaths per year

27. Ticket Out the Door What characteristics do these organisms have that place them in the Kingdom Protista?

28. Before we begin….  Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?  Unicellular or multicellular?  Do fungi have cell walls?  How do they obtain their food?

29. Fungi  The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.  By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

30. Mold Yeast Ringworm Mushrooms

31. Forest fungi have many ecological roles  DiversePlant pathogen  DecomposerFood Source  Tree/Plant helperSome Poisonous

32. Fungi  All fungi are eukaryotic  They may be unicellular or multicellular  All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

33. Fungi Structure  Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin.  Chitin gives the fungal cell wall strength and flexibility.

34. Fungi Nutrition  All fungi are heterotrophs  They absorb nutrients from dead organic matter  They are saprophytes

35. Decomposers  Most fungi function as decomposers.  Decomposers break dead and decaying matter down into carbon and nitrogen.  These can be used by other organisms to make food.

36. Fungi  Fungi can be very helpful and delicious  Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin

37. Fungi  Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

38. Fungi  Ringworm

39. Fungi Locomotion  Fungi are stationary  They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

40. Fungal Structure  The basic unit of fungi are hyphae.  Hyphae develop from fungal spores and elongate to form a network.  This network is known as a mycelium.

41. Mushroom Anatomy

42. Fungi Reproduction  Fungi can reproduce asexually or sexually.

44. Sexual Reproduction  Begins when two haploid (n) hyphae from two mycelia release sexual signals  If the mycelia are of different mating types, they bind together and fuse  The haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells.  Meiosis then restores the haploid condition, leading to the formation of spores and genetic variation

45. Asexual Reproduction  Grow filamentous fungi that produce haploid (n) spores by mitosis  Budding (yeasts)

46. There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) 1.Zygospore (Zygosporangia)  Bread molds  Produce spores  Spores land a place with favorable conditions and produce hyphae.  These spores are contained in the sporangium.

48. Spores are lightweight and can be dispersed by: Water Wind Animals (birds and insects)

49. There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club (Basidiomycetes)  Mushrooms & puffballs  Release trillions of spores in cloud-like bursts

50. There are 4 main types of Fungi 3.Sac (Ascomycetes)  Yeasts  Yeasts grow by budding  Yeasts are present almost everywhere

51. Yeasts  Do not make their own food with photosynthesis  Use food and give off carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) through respiration  This is how yeast makes bread rise

52. There are 4 main types of Fungi 4.Imperfect (Deuteromycetes)  penicillin

53. Fungi Review  Do not contain chlorophyll (non-photosynthetic)  Store food energy as glycogen  Most are saprobes – live on other dead organisms  Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment  Most are multi-cellular, but some unicellular like yeast  Non-motile  Lack true roots, stems, & leaves  Cell walls are made of chitin (a complex polysaccharide)

54. Symbiotic Relationships  Fungi can live in mutualisitc relationships with other organisms.  Mycorrhizae  fungus and plant Hyphae help absorb nutrients for plant Plant makes food for fungus  Lichen  fungus and algae Fungus provides water for the algae Algae makes food for the fungus

55. Examples of Mycorrhizae

56. Examples of Lichen

57. Conks Woody Sign of decay

58. Cups, Puffballs, Earthstars Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom!

59. Microscopy Photographs

60. Fungus Exit Ticket  Name 3 things about fungus that you feel you understand well.  Name 2 questions that you still have about fungus.  Name 1 thing that you found interesting from today’s lesson.

61. Plant  All plants are multi-cellular  Contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts  Cell wall made of cellulose  Plants, also called autotrophs or producers, trap energy from the sun by photosynthesis & store it in organic compounds  All plants reproduce sexually

63. Animal  All multi-cellular  Cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles  Cells lack cell walls  Heterotrophs (take in food & internally digest it)  Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, & organ system  Cells are specialized for particular functions