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2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Independence in Africa Section 2:Section 2:Conflict in the Middle East Visual Summary

3. Chapter Intro How can different groups claim one city? The Western Wall or Kotel in Jerusalem is the remains of the ancient Second Temple of King Herod, destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70. It is considered to be Judaism’s holiest site. A Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, now stands in the approximate location of the Western Wall. It is one of the holiest places in Islam. In this chapter you will learn about modern history in the Middle East and Africa. Why are conflicts in Jerusalem an obstacle to peace in the Middle East today? What national landmarks hold special meaning for Americans?

4. Chapter Intro

6. Chapter Intro 1 Independence in Africa What challenges faced newly independent countries in Africa?

7. Chapter Intro 2 Conflict in the Middle East What conditions led to conflict in the Middle East?

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. Section 1-Main Idea The BIG Idea Self-Determination After achieving independence from their colonial rulers, many African nations faced political, economic, social, and health challenges.

10. Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary apartheid Pan-Africanism AIDS Academic Vocabulary goal diverse

11. Section 1-Key Terms People and Places Ghana Kwame Nkrumah South Africa Jomo Kenyatta Kenya Julius Nyerere Liberia Nigeria Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo Sudan Nelson Mandela Desmond Tutu Chinua Achebe Noni Jabavu

12. A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Do you think there is a wide gap in lifestyle, culture, and technology between rural areas and cities in the U.S.? A.Yes B.No

13. Section 1 Independence and New Nations After gaining their independence, many African states faced political, economic, social, and health challenges.

14. Section 1 Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana, the first British colony in Africa to gain independence. In South Africa, whites dominated the government and implemented a system of racial segregation called apartheid.apartheid Blacks organized the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for economic and political reform. Independence and New Nations (cont.) Independent Africa

15. Section 1 The newly independent nations of Africa chose different economic systems to try to stabilize their countries. Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and Mobuto Sese Seko of the Democratic Republic of the Congo both implemented Western-style capitalism. Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sekou Toure of Guinea all instituted an “African form of socialism.” Independence and New Nations (cont.)

16. Section 1 Several African leaders supported Pan- Africanism, a movement to unite all black Africans regardless of national boundaries.Pan- Africanism Challenges faced by the new nations of Africa: Independence and New Nations (cont.) –Corruption –Inexperienced leaders –Poverty, food shortages, and droughts –Overpopulation and pollution in cities

17. Section 1 –Inefficient sanitation and transportation systems –Gap between rich and poor –AIDS and other diseasesAIDS Independence and New Nations (cont.) Many nations relied on the export of a single crop or natural resource, making it difficult for African nations to maintain economic growth.

18. Section 1 Liberia depended on the export of rubber, while Nigeria relied on oil. The effects of colonialism caused problems and instability in the new nations. Fighting between Hutu and Tutsi created unstable governments in Rwanda and Burundi. The Hutu began a brutal campaign of genocide against the Tutsis, killing at least 500,000. Independence and New Nations (cont.)

19. Section 1 When Tutsi rebels gained control, millions of Hutus fled the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Tutsi then invaded the DRC, creating a civil war in which 3.5 million people died. Sudan was also hurt by ethnic violence. In Darfur, Arab militants attacked African tribal groups with support of the Arab-led governments. Despite a truce in May 2006, fighting continues. Independence and New Nations (cont.)

20. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 In South Africa, whites implemented a system of racial segregation called A.Pan-Africanism B.Mau Mau C.Apartheid D.African socialism

21. Section 1 New Hopes Dictators fell in several African nations, and apartheid ended in South Africa.

22. Section 1 Uganda ousted its repressive and violent dictator. Dictatorships came to an end in Ethiopia, Liberia, and Somalia. However, bloody civil wars followed the fall of these regimes. Bishop Desmond Tutu and others worked to free Nelson Mandela and end apartheid. New Hopes (cont.)

23. Section 1 After being imprisoned for almost 26 years, Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994. New Hopes (cont.)

24. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 What finally ended apartheid in South Africa? A.A new dictator B.African National Congress C.Pan-Africanism D.Worldwide pressure

25. Section 1 Society and Culture Tension between old and new, native and foreign, affects African society.

26. Section 1 Most African cities today resemble cities elsewhere in the world. Millions of people throughout the countryside live as their ancestors did, without modern technology. People in rural areas farm, hunt, or raise livestock by traditional methods, dress traditionally, and practice traditional beliefs. In most areas, women are allowed to vote and run for political office. Society and Culture (cont.)

27. Section 1 Women are treated more equally in the cities than they are in the countryside, where traditional attitudes prevail. Western style has influenced all aspects of African life. Many African artists are trying to strike a balance between traditional African style and Western technique. Society and Culture (cont.)

28. Section 1 Writers often address the dilemmas that modern Africans face, such as town versus country. Chinua Achebe and Noni Jabavu both characterize the challenges to Africans of urbanization and westernization. Society and Culture (cont.)

29. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 How much of the population in Africa lives outside the major cities? A.10% B.25% C.50% D.75%

30. Section 1-End

31. Section 2-Main Idea The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries Recurring violence and continuing efforts at international mediation have been the norm in the Middle East for decades.

32. Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary Pan-Arabism intifada Academic Vocabulary resolution issue

33. Section 2-Key Terms People and Places Zionists Israel Gamal Abdel Nasser Sinai Peninsula West Bank Anwar el-Sadat OPEC Menachem Begin Yasir Arafat Iran Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Iraq Saddam Hussein

34. Section 2-Key Terms People and Places Kuwait Persian Gulf Osama bin Laden al-Qaeda Naguib Mahfouz

35. A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Do you think the United Nations has been effective in its efforts toward world peace? A.Yes B.No

36. Section 2 Palestine and the Mideast Crisis Israel was founded as a Jewish state in 1948, but many Palestinian Arabs refused to recognize it.

37. Section 2 After World War I, many Jews migrated to Palestine, the area Zionists claimed to be their promised land. In 1947 the United Nations declared that Palestine should be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Muslim neighbors invaded the new Jewish state. The invasion was unsuccessful, but the Arab states still refused to recognize Israel. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) Arab-Israeli Disputes

38. Section 2 After coming to power in Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by Great Britain and France, starting the Suez War of 1956. The United States and the Soviet Union both supported Egypt, forcing Great Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw. After the war, Nasser promoted Pan- Arabism, hoping to unite all Arabic-speaking peoples.Pan- Arabism Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.)

39. Section 2 The conflict between Israel and other states in the Middle East continued to escalate, and in 1967 Egypt imposed a blockade against Israeli shipping. As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula, territory on the West Bank of Jordan, and the Golan Heights, tripling the size of its territory. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) Modern Middle East

40. Section 2 In 1973 Egypt and Syria led a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. In connection with the war, the Organization of Oil Producing Countries (OPEC) announced large price increases to foreign countries, leading to serious oil shortages and economic problems in the West. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.)

41. Section 2 In 1978 U.S. president Jimmy Carter met with President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David in the United States. The result was the Camp David Accords, an agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty and commitment of the Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.)

42. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Why were some Arab countries skeptical of Pan-Arabism? A.They did not want to share their wealth. B.They did not want price controls on oil. C.They were suspicious of Syria. D.They wanted to form OPEC instead.

43. Section 2 The Ongoing Crisis The turmoil in the Middle East continues into the twenty-first century.

44. Section 2 In 1964 the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to represent Palestinian interests. PLO political leader Yasir Arafat headed a guerrilla movement called al-Fatah. Palestinian Arabs became increasingly frustrated by the 1980s and led an intifada in Israeli territory.intifada The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

45. Section 2 Through the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993, Israel agreed that the PLO would control a semi-independent area. In return, the PLO recognized the Israeli state. In 2006 the electoral victory by majority members of Hamas brought new obstacles to peace with their position that rejects Israel’s right to exist. Iran experienced an Islamic revolution after the country became rich from oil revenues. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

46. Section 2 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an opposition that caused the government to collapse. In 1979 Khomeini implemented an Islamic republic and restored Islamic law. Militants held 52 Americans hostage in the U.S. embassy for over a year. After Khomeini’s death, some Iranians pushed for reforms, and in 2005 a new president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was elected. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

47. Section 2 Saddam Hussein led Iraq beginning in 1979. Iran and Iraq have long had a tense relationship. Iranians are mostly Shia Muslims, and Iraqi leaders under Saddam Hussein were mostly Sunni Muslims. Hussein waged a brutal war against Iran in 1980. The war ended with a cease-fire in 1988. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

48. Section 2 In 1990 Hussein sent troops to seize Kuwait, located at the head of the Persian Gulf. The United States led the international coalition that freed Kuwait and hoped that Hussein would be overthrown. In 1979 the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and occupied the country for 10 years. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

49. Section 2 The United States and Pakistan supported anti-Communist rebels, such as the Taliban, who eventually ousted the Soviet Union. The Taliban took control of Kabul in 1996, and two years later controlled two-thirds of Afghanistan. The Taliban provided support for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, which recruited Muslims to drive Westerners out of Muslim nations. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

50. Section 2 Osama bin Laden led the attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States. The United States retaliated by leading a coalition of forces against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Taliban was replaced in 2001, by a moderate government, which still faces warfare among tribal groups and a revival of Taliban forces. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

51. Section 2 In 2002 U.S. president George Bush threatened to remove Saddam Hussein on the grounds that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. In 2003 a mainly U.S.-led army invaded Iraq and captured Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein’s supporters, foreign terrorists, and Islamic militants all battled the American-led forces. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

52. Section 2 A new Iraqi government was formed in 2005, but has been unable to create a unified state for the Shia Muslims, Sunni Muslims, and ethnic Kurds. In 2007 President Bush called for an increase of U.S. soldiers to help end the violence in Iraq. The Ongoing Crisis (cont.)

53. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Who took control of Afghanistan after the Soviets were expelled in 1998? A.Ayatollah Khomeini B.Saddam Hussein C.Al-Qaeda D.The Taliban

54. Section 2 Society and Culture Islamic fundamentalism has impacted Middle Eastern society, especially women’s roles.

55. Section 2 Islamic fundamentalist ideas began in Iran under Ayatollah Khomeini. There was a return to traditional Muslim beliefs, clothing styles, social practices, and legal system. Early Muslim women participated in government and held many social rights. The general trend was toward a greater role for women. Beginning in the 1970s, there was a shift back toward more traditional roles for women. Society and Culture (cont.)

56. Section 2 Literature of the Middle East since 1945 has encouraged national awareness and an interest in historical traditions. Naguib Mahfouz was the first writer in Arabic to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1988. Society and Culture (cont.)

57. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 What did Islamic fundamentalists do in Egypt? A.Attacked Israel B.Assassinated President Sadat C.Took away all women’s rights D.Closed Egypt’s borders to Westerners

58. Section 2-End

59. VS 1 Challenges in AFRICA Whites used apartheid laws to maintain power in mostly black South Africa. Leaders of newly independent African nations struggled to create stable governments. Reliance on the export of a single crop or resource threatened economic prosperity. Poverty, hunger, disease, and ethnic conflicts still plague African nations.

60. VS 2 Challenges in the MIDDLE EAST In 1973, OPEC reduced oil supplies and raised prices, causing economic problems in the West. Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, led to a war in Afghanistan. In 2006, Palestinians chose Hamas to lead them, a group that rejects Israel’s right to exist. Efforts to establish a stable, democratic government in Iraq continue following the removal of Saddam Hussein from power by a United States-led coalition.

61. VS 3 IMPACTS ON SOCIETIES in Africa and the Middle East In Africa, constant tension exists between traditional ways and Western culture. African women have made political and economic gains, but inequalities remain. African artists search for ways to balance Western techniques with traditional art. Islamic Fundamentalism has impacted Middle Eastern society, especially women’s roles.

62. VS-End

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72. Vocab1 apartheid “apartness,” the system of racial segregation in South Africa from the 1950s until 1991

73. Vocab2 Pan-Africanism the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

74. Vocab3 AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome; caused by the HIV virus that is spread through bodily fluids and weakens the body’s immune system; AIDS is a worldwide problem

75. Vocab4 goal an aim or a purpose

76. Vocab5 diverse varied and not alike

77. Vocab6 Pan-Arabism Arab unity, regardless of national boundaries

78. Vocab7 intifada “uprising,” militant movement that arose during the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization living in Israel

79. Vocab8 resolution an expression of opinion or intent

80. Vocab9 issue a vital or unsettled matter

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