1. Memory Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval October 5 th

2. Human Memory  3 processes involved: Encoding: Storage:  Computer analogy Retrieval:

3. Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory  Attention: Focusing awareness  Selective attention = Filtering: evidence for both early and late filters Divided attn: memory will not be as strong

4. Models of selective attention

5. Levels of Processing: Craik and Lockhart (1972)  AKA: Depth of Processing  Incoming info processed at different levels  3 levels: shallow, intermediate, deep Deeper processing =  Encoding levels for verbal info ( Craik & Tulving, 1975 ): Structural = Phonemic = Semantic =

6. Levels-of-processing theory

7. Retention at three levels of encoding

8. Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory  Analogy: information storage in computers ~ information storage in human memory  Information processing theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model 3 Parts to Memory:  Sensory Memory:  Short-term Memory:  Long-term Memory:

9. The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory storage

10. Sensory Memory  Brief preservation of information in original sensory form  Auditory/Visual – Sparklers

11. Short Term Memory (STM)  Limited capacity: Chunking – grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit (so 7 ± 2 still applies)  Limited duration – Rehearsal –

12. Baddeley’s Working Memory Model  Working Memory:  4-part system: Central Executive: Phonological Loop: Visuo-spatial sketch-pad: Episodic buffer:

13. Long-Term Memory: Unlimited Capacity?  Permanent storage? Flashbulb memories  Recall through hypnosis  “repressed memories”

14. Loftus & Palmer (1974)  How fast were the cars going when they _______ each other? Contacted Hit Bumped Collided into Smashed into

15. Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory  Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon – failure in retrieval Retrieval cues… the first letter of the word…  Recalling an event Context cues… remember elementary school?  Reconstructing memories

16. Forgetting: When Memory Lapses  Retention – Recall: Recognition: Relearning:  Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve Important Dead dude, studied his own memory for nonsense syllables  Plotted the now famous forgetting curve

17. Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve for nonsense syllables