2. Gases Underground Stone and Limestone Mines

3. Objectives 4 Identify mine gases 4 Describe the hazards of mine gases 4 Explain the effects of gas exposures 4 Describe control measures 4 Explain safe work procedures to reduce risks from gases

4. Consequences of Gas Incidents 4 On April 10, 2000 four miners entered an area in the mine of very low oxygen and collapsed 4 Quick action by others saved four lives 4 A section foreman and a mine foreman entered an area of low oxygen. Both men collapsed 4 The section foreman was asphyxiated while the mine foreman regained consciousness and summon help

5. Sources and Properties of Mines Gases 4 Air 4 The air we breath is a mixture of gases and is necessary for life. 4 Air is used in mining to remove unwanted gases and dust.

6. Air 4 At rest we breath about 16 times on average per/min and consume about 480 cu. inches of air. 4 Moderate exercise we breath about 30 per min. and consume 3,000 cu. inches of air.

7. Air 4 As air passes through a mine, it picks up other gases as well as dust formed by mining 4 At the same time, air loses oxygen to the mine surroundings and to the people in the mine

8. Oxygen(O2) 4 Specific gravity:1.105 4 Oxygen will not burn or explode 4 Source:Atmosphere 4 Characteristics;No color, odor or taste

9. Percentage of Oxygen and Breathing 4 21% 4 19.5% 4 17% 4 15% 4 9% 4 6% 4 Breathing easiest 4 Minimum required by law 4 Breathing faster &deeper 4 Dizziness, buzzing noise, rapid pulse, headache, blurred vision 4 Unconsciousness 4 Breathing stops, cardiac arrest

10. Legal requirements (MSHA) for Oxygen 4 In mining (underground, shop, confined space entry, etc.) the air we breath must contain at least 19.5% oxygen (O2) and not more than 0.5% of carbon dioxide 4 Additionally, noxious (asphyxiant) or toxic(poisonous) gases must remain within prescribed threshold limit values (TLV)

11. Nitrogen Dioxide (O2) 4 Specific gravity: 0.967 4 Source: Atmosphere 4 Characteristics: No color, odor or taste

12. Oxides of Nitrogen 4 Formed at high temperatures by diesel and gasoline engines, electrical discharges and blasting operations 4 Toxic because they form very corrosive acids when mixes with moisture in the lungs 4 Odor of blasting powder fumes

13. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 4 Specific gravity:1.529 4 Source: Complete combustion, slow oxidation of carbon products Atmosphere 4 Characteristics: No color or odor, acidic taste above 10%

14. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4 Specific gravity: 0.967 4 Needs 6% O2 to ignite 4 Source: Incomplete combustion, diesels, gasoline engines 4 Characteristics: No color, odor, or taste 4 300 times more attracted to the hemoglobin than oxygen

15. Hydrogen (H2) 4 Specific gravity: 0.0695 4 Needs 5% oxygen to ignite 4 Source: Water on super hot fire and battery charging

16. Gas Mixtures and Smoke 4 Fire damp-methane 4 Blackdamp-carbon dioxide and nitrogen in an oxygen-deficient atmosphre 4 Afterdamp-gaseous products and smoke produced by a fire or explosion 4 Rock gas-nitrogen and carbon dioxide 4 Smoke-soot and tars suspended in the air

17. Gas Detection 4 One of the most reliable ways to evaluate the mine atmosphere is to use detectors approved by MSHA

18. Gas Detection Instrument 4 Detector must be calibrated 4 Detector must be maintained in working order 4 Operator of the detector must know the capabilities and limitations of detector

19. Control of Mine Gases 4 Under NORMAL CONDITIONS increased quantities of air is the primary defense against unwanted gases

20. Control of Mine Gases 4 ABNORMAL CONDITIONS can be created by; 4 Ventilation problems 4 Outbursts of gases 4 Fires 4 Explosions

21. Emergency Preparation Caused by Abnormal Gas conditions 4 Know escape routes 4 Know when and how to use self-rescuer 4 Use of other respiratory protection 4 Location of shelters 4 How to build a barricade

22. Gas Quiz 4 What is the normal percentage of oxygen in a mine atmosphere? 4 21%

23. Gas Quiz 4 What is the minimum percentage of oxygen required in a mine for miners to work and travel? 4 19.5%

24. Gas Quiz 4 At what percentage of oxygen will a person become unconsciousness in an oxygen deficient atmosphere? 4 9%

25. Gas Quiz 4 What gases are the result of blasting and what effect do these gases have on a person’s lungs? 4 Oxides of nitrogen 4 Pulmonary edema

26. Gas Quiz 4 What gas has proven deadly to not only miners but thousand of people in their homes? 4 Carbon monoxide

27. Gas Quiz 4 Carbon monoxide is present in a mine fire and the best protection that a miner has from this gas is to use what device? 4 Self-rescuer

28. Gas Quiz 4 Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous to a miner? 4 Combines more readily than oxygen with the blood’s hemoglobin and limits the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

29. Gas Quiz 4 What is a reliable way for detecting quantities of mine gases? 4 Detector

30. Gas Quiz 4 What is the best way to control mine gases? 4 Increased ventilation

31. Gas Quiz 4 What are several defense mechanisms that a miner can rely on if a fire or other abnormal gas conditions exist? 4 Self-rescuer 4 Escapesway to surface