1. MIS 315 - Bsharah Digital Media Handout

2. MIS 315 - Bsharah 2 Contents Section A: Digital Sound Section B: Bitmap Graphics Section C: Vector and 3-D Graphics Section D: Digital Video Section E: Digital Rights Management Digital Media Handout

3. MIS 315 - Bsharah 3 Section A: Digital Sound Digital Audio Basics Portable Audio Players MIDI Music Speech Recognition and Synthesis Digital Media Handout

4. MIS 315 - Bsharah 4 What is Digital Audio? Digital representation of sound. Digital Media Handout

5. MIS 315 - Bsharah 5 Digital Audio Basics Sampling rate refers to number of times per second that a sound is measured. Digital Media Handout

6. MIS 315 - Bsharah 6 Digital Audio Basics Sound cards are responsible for transforming bits stored in an audio file into music, sound effects, and narrations. –Digital signal processor. Digital Media Handout

7. MIS 315 - Bsharah 7 Waveform Audio The most popular waveform audio formats include AAC, AIFF, MP3, RealAudio, Wave, and WMA. –See Page 424 for file formats advantages and disadvantages. Audio or media player software allows you to record and play waveform audio files. You can embed waveform files into a Web page. Digital Media Handout

8. MIS 315 - Bsharah 8 Portable Audio Players Pocket-sized, battery-powered device that stores digital music. –Zune Digital music is available from a wide variety of sources. –Formats include MP3, AAC, and WMA Digital Media Handout

9. MIS 315 - Bsharah 9 Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Music MIDI specifies a standard way to store music data for synthesizers, electronic MIDI instruments, and computers. MIDI-capable sound cards contain a wavetable. –Set of prerecorded musical instrument sounds. Does not produce high-quality vocals. Does not have full resonance of “real” sound or that of waveform audio. Useful for adding background music to a web page/multimedia project. Digital Media Handout

10. MIS 315 - Bsharah 10 MIDI Music Music composition software provides tools for entering notes, specifying instruments, printing sheet music, and saving compositions in formats such as MIDI. The computer encodes the music as a MIDI Sequence. Digital Media Handout

11. MIS 315 - Bsharah 11 Speech Recognition and Synthesis Speech synthesis is the process by which machines produce sound resembling spoken words. –Text-to-speech software. –Strings together basic sound units, called phonemes, to form words. Speech recognition refers to the ability of a machine to understand spoken words. –Speech recognition software. –Uses sound card to transform analog waves to digital, then maps sounds to phonemes and compares phoneme groups to words in digital sound dictionary. Digital Media Handout

12. MIS 315 - Bsharah 12 Section B: Bitmap Graphics Bitmap Basics Scanners and Cameras Image Resolution Color Depth and Palettes Image Compression Bitmap Graphics Formats Digital Media Handout

13. MIS 315 - Bsharah 13 Bitmap Graphics (aka Raster Graphic) Composed of a grid of dots where the color of each dot is stored as a binary number. Digital Media Handout

14. MIS 315 - Bsharah 14 Scanners or Cameras Can Be Used To Create Bitmap Images Digital Media Handout

15. MIS 315 - Bsharah 15 Scanners and Cameras Digital cameras on board storage medium –Solid state storage Transfer images using: –Card readers –Direct cable transfer –Infrared port –Media transfer –Docking station –E-mail Digital Media Handout

16. MIS 315 - Bsharah 16 Scanners and Cameras Graphics software is used to modify or edit bitmap graphics. –Modify individual pixels to: Retouch photographs Wipe out red eye Erase rabbit ears PC storage requires a considerable amount of storage space. –Solid State card to PC Hard Drive/CD/DVD… Digital Media Handout

17. MIS 315 - Bsharah 17 Image Resolution Expressed as the number of horizontal and vertical pixels. –Higher resolutions contain more data (larger file size) and are higher quality. Bitmaps are resolution dependent. Changing the screen zoom level changes only the size of the grid-no effect on the printed size of the graphic or file size. Digital Media Handout

18. MIS 315 - Bsharah 18 Image Resolution When you increase the resolution of a bitmap, pixel interpolation may occur. –Some images may appear pixelated. Digital Media Handout

19. MIS 315 - Bsharah 19 Color Depth and Palettes Color depth is the number of colors available for use in an image. Increasing color depth increases file size. –Monochrome bitmap –True Color bitmap (24-bit bitmap) 8 bits each for blue, green, red –32-bit bitmap Color palettes are used to control color depth. –Grayscale palette –System palette –Web palette Digital Media Handout

20. MIS 315 - Bsharah 20 Color Depth and Palettes True Color bitmap –Each red, blue, and green pixel signal is assigned a value form 0 to 255. 255=highest. –16.7 million colors. Digital Media Handout

21. MIS 315 - Bsharah 21 Image Compression Any technique that recodes data in an image file so it contains fewer bits. –Lossless compression: Provides means to compress file then reconstitute all data into its original state. TIFF, PCX, GIF –Lossy compression: Some data is lost during compression process. JPEG Digital Media Handout

22. MIS 315 - Bsharah 22 Manual Image Compression Utility BMP and RAW Image formats don’t support compression. Popular file compression utilities, such as WinZip or PKZIP, zip one or more files into a new compressed file with a.zip extension. –Note: PNG, GIF, and JPEG hardly shrink for they are already stored in compressed format. Digital Media Handout

23. MIS 315 - Bsharah 23 Bitmap Graphic Format Usage Guide Digital Media Handout

24. MIS 315 - Bsharah 24 Section C: Vector and 3-D Graphics Vector Graphics Basics Vector-to-Bitmap Conversion Vector Graphics on the Web 3-D Graphics Digital Media Handout

25. MIS 315 - Bsharah 25 Vector Graphic Basics Contain instructions for re-creating a picture. Vector graphics resize better than bitmaps. Vector graphics usually require less storage space than bitmaps. Vector graphics are not usually as realistic as bitmap images. It is easier to edit an object in a vector graphic than an object in a bitmap graphic. Powerpoint drawing objects are an example. Digital Media Handout

26. MIS 315 - Bsharah 26 Vector Graphic Basics Contain instructions for re-creating a picture. Vector graphics resize better than bitmaps. Vector graphics usually require less storage space than bitmaps. Vector graphics are not usually as realistic as bitmap images. It is easier to edit an object in a vector graphic than an object in a bitmap graphic. Powerpoint drawing objects are an example. Digital Media Handout

27. MIS 315 - Bsharah 27 Vector Graphic Basics Digital Media Handout

28. MIS 315 - Bsharah 28 Vector-to-Bitmap Conversion Digital Media Handout Rasterization superimposes a grid over a vector image and determines the color for each pixel. –Easy Tracing software locates the edges of objects in a bitmap image and converts the resulting shapes into vector graphic objects. –Difficult

29. MIS 315 - Bsharah 29 Vector Graphics on the Web SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and Flash are vector graphic formats for the Web. Advantages of using vector graphics. –Consistent quality –Text is Searchable –Compact file size Digital Media Handout

30. MIS 315 - Bsharah 30 3-D Graphics Stored as a set of instructions. –Contain locations and lengths of lines forming a wireframe for a three dimensional object. Rendering is the process of covering a wireframe with surface color and texture. Ray Tracing adds light and shadows to a 3-D image. Digital Media Handout

31. MIS 315 - Bsharah 31 3-D Graphics Digital Media Handout 3-D graphics software provides tools for drawing a wireframe and then specifying colors and textures for rendering.

32. MIS 315 - Bsharah 32 Section D: Digital Video Digital Video Basics Producing Video Footage Video Transfer Video Editing Video Output Desktop, PDA, and Web Video DVD-Video Digital Media Handout

33. MIS 315 - Bsharah 33 Digital Video Basics Is composed of a series of bitmap graphics each called a frame. Uses bits to store color and brightness data for each video frame. Different kinds of digital videos (classified by using platform): –Desktop video –Web-based video –DVD-video –PDA video Digital Media Handout

34. MIS 315 - Bsharah 34 Digital Video Basics Digital Media Handout

35. MIS 315 - Bsharah 35 Producing Video Footage Use digital or analog video camera to shoot video footage. –Digital video cameras store footage as a series of bits. Videoconferencing cameras (Web cam) attach directly to a computer. –Analog video cameras store video signals as a continuous track of magnetic patterns. Digital Media Handout

36. MIS 315 - Bsharah 36 Tips for Producing Video Footage Digital Media Handout

37. MIS 315 - Bsharah 37 Video Transfer Video capture software controls the transfer process. –Video capture can be used to convert analog video signals into digital format. Video capture software can: –Decrease video display size –Reduce the frame rate –Compress data Raw, uncompressed formats are ideal for editing. Digital Media Handout

38. MIS 315 - Bsharah 38 Video Editing-Edit Video Clops, Arrange Them on a Timeline, Specify a Soundtrack Linear editing –Requires at least two VCRs Nonlinear editing –Requires a computer hard disk and video editing sw. Digital Media Handout

39. MIS 315 - Bsharah 39 Video Output-Combining All Video and Audio Files into a Single File for Hard Disk Storage Digital Media Handout

40. MIS 315 - Bsharah 40 Video Output Video quality and file size can be affected by compression ratios and frame rate. Digital Media Handout

41. MIS 315 - Bsharah 41 Desktop, PDA, and Web Video You can add external or internet videos to a Web page. Internet connection speed affects Web videos. –Streaming video: sends small segments sequentially. Web video formats include MPEG4, MOV, ASF, and RM. Digital Media Handout

42. MIS 315 - Bsharah 42 DVD-Video Incorporate digital videos onto DVDs with interactive menus. –DVD authoring software and Writable DVD drive required. Digital Media Handout

43. MIS 315 - Bsharah 43 DVD-Video DVD authoring software can generate MPEG-2 encoded video clips and menus, store them in VOB files, and lay them out on a DVD according to industry standards. –With advance planning, menus are easy to create. –Output video in DVD-video format. A DVD Image/Volume is a prototype of your DVD. –Stored on your computer’s hard disk. –Thoroughly test DVD on your computer before you burn it. Recordable vs. rewritable DVDs. Digital Media Handout

44. MIS 315 - Bsharah 44 Section E: Digital Rights Management (DRM) DRM Basics Signal Scrambling and Digital Watermarks CD Copy Protection DVD DRM DRM for Digital Downloads Digital Media Handout

45. MIS 315 - Bsharah 45 DRM Basics Digital rights management (DRM) is a collection of techniques used by copyright holders to limit access and use of digital content. Affects: –Time shifting –Place shifting eg, Slingbox –Format shifting Digital Media Handout

46. MIS 315 - Bsharah 46 Signal Scrambling and Digital Watermarks Signal scrambling is a term commonly used for obscuring cable or satellite television images until they are unscrambled by a set-top box or other authorized mechanism. A digital watermark is a pattern of bits inserted at various places in an image or a content stream that can be used to track, identify, verify, and control content use. –Broadcast flag Digital Media Handout

47. MIS 315 - Bsharah 47 CD Copy Protection Copy protection refers to technologies designed to prohibit consumers from copying content. Digital Media Handout

48. MIS 315 - Bsharah 48 DVD DRM Copy Generation Management is a digital watermark that specifies the number of times a content stream can be duplicated. Digital Media Handout

49. MIS 315 - Bsharah 49 DVD DRM An Analog Protection System is any DRM technology that interjects signals into the video stream to prevent analog output from being copied. Prevents DVD to Tape to DVD copying. CSS (Content Scramble System) is a DRM technology designed to encrypt and control the use of content stored on DVDs. Digital Media Handout

50. MIS 315 - Bsharah 50 DVD DRM A DVD region code specifies geographical area of legitimate use for DVD disks and players. AACS (Advanced Access Content System) is a DRM technology designed to encrypt and protect content on optical disks. (Blu-ray, HD- DVD) Digital Media Handout

51. MIS 315 - Bsharah 51 DRM for Digital Downloads Digital Media Handout FairPlay to control music downloaded from the iTunes store. Microsoft supplies DRM technologies for several online music stores, including Zune.