1. Biomolecules

2. The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon is the most versatile element
Can form up to 4 bonds at one time.
Carbon may also form bonds with other Carbons allowing for unlimited chain lengths
May form Single -, Double =, or Triple ≡ bonds with other Carbons
Can even fold over forming rings

3. All compounds can be classified into 2 broad categories:
Organic compounds- Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Inorganic compounds- Can have one or the other, but do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Most of your body’s molecules are organic compounds.

4. How are biomolecules made?
Macromolecules are built from small organic compounds the same way a railroad train is built, by linking a lot of smaller units together into long chains.
Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called monomers
(mono = one )

5. How are biomolecules made?
Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as polymers
(poly = many)
A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules.
(macro = large )

6. How are biomolecules made?
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis.  During the formation of polymers, Water (H2O), is released or is a by-product of the reaction. 

7. How are biomolecules made?
The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction.  The addition of water, to some polymers can break the bonds that hold them together.

8. How are biomolecules made?
Monomers
Polymer

9. There are four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms:
Types of Biomolecules
There are four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

10. A quick source of energy!!
Carbohydrates
A quick source of energy!!

11. What elements are carbs composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen(O) In a ratio of – C : H : O 1 : 2 : 1 Example: Glucose C6H12O6 6
For every 1 Carbon (C) You will have
2 Hydrogens (H)
and
1 Oxygen (O).

12. Carbohydrate Monomers (Building Blocks)
Monosaccharides: commonly found in rings
Mono=one, Saccharide=sugar
Monosaccharides are simple sugars Examples:
Glucose: commonly found in blood of animals
Galactose: a simple sugar found in milk
Fructose: commonly found in fruit

13. Carbohydrate Monomers (Building Blocks)
Glucose

14. Carbohydrate Polymers
Polysaccharides:
Poly=Many, Saccharide=sugar
Polysaccharides are carbohydrates formed from linking individual sugars together.
They can be very large and complex, or they can be small and made up of only two monomers linked together.
These are called Disaccharides

15. Carbohydrate Polymers
Disaccharides: Poly=Two, Saccharide=sugar Disaccharides contain 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

16. Carbohydrate Polymers
Dissacharide Examples:
Sucrose:
“Table Sugar”
Made up of
Fructose + Galactose
Lactose:
Found in Milk
Made up of Galactose + Glucose

17. Carbohydrate Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples
Starch: a form of glucose in plants
(breads, pasta, potatoes)

18. Carbohydrate Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples
Cellulose: contained in the cell walls of plants; gives strength and rigidity to plant cells.

19. Carbohydrate Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide) examples
Glycogen: a common storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the muscles and liver to be used as quick energy) 

20. Lipids

21. What elements are Lipids composed of?
Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Lots of Hydrogen!!!!!

22. Important Lipid Facts Lipids are Fats, Oils and Waxes
Lipids do not dissolve in water

23. Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
Energy storage
When carbs have been used up we use fatty acids for energy.

24. Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
structural support in cell membranes (phospholipids)

25. Important Lipid Facts Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
Serve as messengers
Steroids are lipids that carry messages through the bloodstream.

26. Lipids do not have true monomers
Lipid Monomers?
Lipids do not have true monomers
Fatty acids are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most lipids.
Fatty acids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated.

27. Lipid Monomers? How do you tell the difference?
Saturated fatty acids have NO DOUBLE BONDS!!
They have the maximum number of bonds possible, they are full (of hydrogen).
Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature, and most come from animal products.
Can you think of some examples?

28. Lipid Monomers? How do you tell the difference?
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bond(s) in the carbon chain and are not full.
Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, and are usually referred to as oils.
Can you think of some examples?

29. Lipid Polymers
A common lipid that contains fatty acids is a Triglyceride.
They are composed of a glycerol linked to three fatty acids (in the shape of an “E”) by condensation reaction.

30. Store and transmit hereditary and genetic information.
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit hereditary and genetic information.

31. What elements are Nucleic Acids composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P)

32. Nucleic Acid Monomers (Building Blocks)
Nucleotides are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most nucleic acids.
Nucleotides consist of
sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base + phosphate

33. Instructions which code for protein synthesis
Nucleic Acid Polymers
Three main types of nucleic acids
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
Instructions which code for protein synthesis

34. Is the genetic information inside the nucleus of cells
Nucleic Acid Polymers
Three main types of nucleic acids
RNA = Ribonucleic acid
Is the genetic information inside the nucleus of cells

35. Nucleic Acid Polymers ATP is used as energy for the cell
Three main types of nucleic acids
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate
ATP has a slightly different structure than DNA and RNA.
It contains a base + sugar + three phosphates
ATP is used as energy for the cell

36. Proteins Construction materials for body parts
like bones, muscles and blood.
Fight disease
Regulate cell Processes

37. What elements are Proteins composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O), and Nitrogen (N)

38. Protein Monomers (Building Blocks)
Amino acids are the building blocks that make up most proteins
There are 20 different kinds of amino acids that humans use.
Composed of :
An Amino Group ( -NH2)
&
A Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

39. Protein Monomers (Building Blocks)

40. Protein Examples One important group of proteins Enzymes
Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

41. Special Proteins Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes
One important group of proteins
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
Catalyze: increase the rates of

42. Special Proteins
Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Activation Energy: the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

43. Special Proteins
Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by DECREASING the ACTIVATION ENERGY

44. Enzymes the speed of reactions that would otherwise occur slowly.
increase

45. Each enzyme has a certain job and does only that job.
Enzymes are special proteins that build or
break down materials inside or outside the cell.

46. How are Enzymes used in the body???
DIGESTION
INFLAMMATION
during digestion, intestinal cells produce enzymes, which split the food into small molecules so they can be absorbed into the blood
enzymes are produced by neighboring cells, so that the blood clotting process can happen and to remove destroyed tissue.

47. Enzymes and Homeostasis
Temperature
Temperatures above 40◦C (104◦F) denature/destroy enzymes. pH
Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes.