1. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 13 Creating Solutions

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Define ideation. Explain brainstorming, graphic organizers, and questioning. Describe a rough sketch. Describe a refined sketch. Summarize the procedure for creating sketches.

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Identify the difference between shading and shadowing. Create an isometric sketch. Produce an oblique sketch. Explain and create a perspective sketch.

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solving the Problem Think of ways the problem can be solved Develop many ideas Draw sketches for each idea

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Exploring Ideas Ideation Requires broad thinking Develops a wide variety of ideas Generates creative, original ideas

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What are some ideas for a solution to the problem of designing a new telephone communication system? (Motorola, Inc.)

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Ideation Creating many new ideas to solve problem All ideas are good ideas (Patent No. 5,050,855, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Ideation (Cont.) Creative and imaginative process Review problem and design brief Review research conclusions Record all ideas

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Environments for Ideation Quiet place Outside Library Almost anywhere you can concentrate Necessary materials: Pencil Paper Optional materials: Magazines or books Music (Tony Gothard)

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What environments do you work best in?

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Methods of Ideation Brainstorming Graphic organizers Questioning

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Brainstorming Used to develop many ideas Not used to choose a final solution Useful in small groups Group builds off each other’s ideas Generates unusual solutions Criticism is not allowed (Product Development Technologies, PDT)

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Why is brainstorming used only to generate ideas, instead of to choose a final solution?

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Brainstorming Process Choose a leader and recorder Set a time limit Share design brief with group Share research conclusions Focus on problem Ask group for ideas List as many creative ideas as possible Make notes of all ideas developed Ask all group members for one final idea

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Why is it important to have a leader for brainstorming sessions?

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Graphic Organizers Help to organize thoughts Make sure all features of the problem are considered List all solutions on one sheet of paper

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Creating a Graphic Organizer Begin with blank sheet of paper Write problem in middle and circle it Create branches from circle Fill branches with major features or functions of design List possible designs for each function or feature under each branch

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Questioning Ask the question “Why?” Ask why things are done the way they are in an existing product Write questions down Answer the questions

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Which method of ideation would you most likely use to generate ideas? Why?

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Limitations of Ideation Ideation results in lists of solutions Very difficult to describe an idea using a list Hard to describe design solutions using only words

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sketching Sketch helps describe an idea Helps designers communicate ideas Way to record thoughts on paper Two steps of sketching Design, preliminary, or rough sketching Working, final, or refined sketching (Product Development Technologies, PDT)

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Why do sketches make it easier to understand an idea?

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rough Sketches Early stage of development Do not show a lot of detail Not important what the sketch is drawn on Not concerned with the quality of the sketch Purpose is getting the idea onto paper (Ford Motor Company)

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rough Sketches (Cont.) Basic idea showing shapes and outlines (Ford Motor Company)

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rough Sketches (Cont.) Also called thumbnail sketches Usually fairly small Several fit on one sheet Develop elements of design Size Shape Can be an idea for a complete solution or parts of the solution (Design Central, design firm; Artromick International, Client)

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Refined Sketches Based on best ideas from rough sketches Can focus on one rough sketch or combine several Purpose is to narrow down design ideas Several are created

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Refined Sketches (Cont.) (DaimlerChrysler)

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Sketching Process 1.Visualize the object 2.Block out shapes 3.Add an outline 4.Draw design features (General Motors)

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Visualizing the Object No image of a new product to look at Must “see” and “think” with a pencil Two ways to see objects In two dimensions In three dimensions Break the object down into basic shapes

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Two-Dimensional Views Orthographic drawings and sketches See object in six views Front Top Left side Right side Back Bottom (Keith Nelson)

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Three-Dimensional Views Pictorial drawings How the eye sees things Major types: Isometric drawings Oblique drawings Perspective drawings

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Breaking Down the Idea All objects can be broken into basic shapes Box Cylinder Sphere Cone or pyramid (Sauder Woodworking, The Coca-Cola Company, American Baseball Company)

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What are some examples of objects that are shaped like a box? Like a cylinder? Like a sphere? Like a cone or pyramid?

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Shapes Drawing light lines for shapes Lines serve as guidelines for sketch Process: Draw a vertical line Draw two lines, about 30°, starting from bottom of line Block shape into sketch Each shape is blocked out differently

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Boxes

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Cylinders

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Spheres

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Pyramids

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Cones

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blocking out Combinations Most designs have more than one basic shape in them These sketches have several isometric axes Will not look much like the product yet

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Adding an Outline Create an outline to add details Might include subtracting parts of shapes Outline is drawn darker than guidelines

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawing Design Features Add external features Not included in outline Help in understanding the sketch Help to set designs apart from one another Last step in rough sketching

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Refining Techniques Add more “life” to sketches Make sketches appear more realistic Most common techniques: Shading Shadowing Show how objects would look in light Add depth and dimension to flat sketches

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Shading Relies on a light source Need to determine which direction light is coming from (Design Central, design firm; Ingenico, client)

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Shading (Cont.) Several techniques: Using different tones Dot method Line shading (Keith Nelson)

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Shadowing Added after shading Usually done with a pencil Shadow is on opposite side of light source Shadow follows rough shape of object

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sketches Common types: Isometric sketches Oblique sketches Perspective sketches Used to create rough or refined sketches All drawn using same basic process

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Isometric Sketches Most popular type of pictorial sketch Show the front, top, and sides of object, as the eye sees them Use the isometric axis Drawn rough or detailed Created using shapes (Design Central, design firm; Artromick International, client)

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Oblique Sketches Only side view is at an angle Show front view in its true shape Process is similar to drawing isometric sketches

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What are the differences between this isometric sketch and this oblique sketch?

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Perspective Sketches Often used for refined sketches Show how objects look to the eye Have a vanishing point

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Types of Perspective Sketches

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What objects would best be drawn with a one-point perspective? A two- point perspective? A three-point perspective?

55. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Two-Point Perspective Sketches Have many applications Used regularly Similar to one-point and three-point perspectives

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Architects Design buildings Identify client’s needs Develop building concepts Prepare plans and specs Work in offices and at construction sites Requirements: License Degree in architecture

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1._____ is creating a number of new ideas to solve a problem. Ideation

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 2.What method of ideation is most useful for coming up with unusual ideas when there is a small group of people? Brainstorming

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 3.True or false? A rough sketch shows a great amount of detail. False

60. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 4.What is the difference between a refined sketch and a rough sketch? Refined sketches are more detailed sketches based on the best rough sketches.

61. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 5.What is the basic procedure for creating sketches? 1.Visualize the object 2.Block out shapes 3.Add an outline 4.Draw design features

62. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 6.In shadowing, the shadow is placed on the (same side as/opposite side from) the light source. opposite side from

63. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 7.What type of sketch shows the front, top, and sides of an object, just as the eye sees them? Isometric sketch

64. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 8.What type of sketch shows the true front view and an angle of the side view? Oblique sketch

65. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 9.Which type of sketch uses a vanishing point and a horizon line? Perspective sketch

66. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Box A shape that can be either a cube or rectangle. A cube is a three-dimensional square. All sides of the cube are the same length. A rectangle is very similar to a cube. The difference is that a rectangle has at least one side that is a different length.

67. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Brainstorming A group process for solving a problem. The group is asked to think of as many solutions as possible in a short time. The group members are also encouraged to expand on each others’ ideas. They are discouraged from criticizing or evaluating any of the ideas at this stage.

68. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Cone A shape that is round at one end and comes to a point at the other. Cylinder A round shaft with one circle on each end.

69. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Elements of design Sizes and shapes developed using rough sketches. Graphic organizer A diagram that helps to organize thoughts and develop ideas.

70. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Ideation Creating a number of new ideas to solve a problem. Isometric sketch A sketch showing the front, top, and sides of an object, just as the eye sees them.

71. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Oblique sketch A drawing similar to an isometric sketch, except only the side view is at an angle. The angle is usually 45°. It can, however, be any angle. These sketches show the front view in its true shape. Orthographic drawing A drawing that has several views used to describe the object. It is also called a multiview drawing.

72. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Pictorial drawing A drawing of an object that appears as the eye sees the object. The three major types of pictorial drawings are isometric, oblique, and perspective drawings. Pyramid A shape that comes to a point at one end and a square at the other end.

73. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Questioning A process in which the designer asks the question why things are done the way they are in the existing product.

74. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Refined sketch A freehand drawing that adds detail and develops design ideas shown in rough sketches. The purpose is to narrow down and improve the promising solutions presented in the rough sketches.

75. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Rough sketch A pictorial (picture-like) freehand drawing showing only basic ideas of the size and shape of a product. These sketches are done quickly and without detail to capture ideas that come to the designer.

76. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Shading The use of marking made within outlines to suggest degrees of light and dark in a drawing. It relies on a light source and helps to show how the object will look in either sunlight or interior lighting. Shading also allows the designer to see the shape and form of the object. It adds depth and dimension to a drawing to make it appear more realistic.

77. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Shadowing The use of shadows placed on the opposite side of the light source and following the rough shape of the object being drawn to add depth and dimension to a flat sketch. Sketch A tool that helps designers communicate their ideas on paper.

78. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glossary Sphere A perfectly round object. Thumbnail sketch A small, rough sketch used to generate ideas.