2. Kingdoms of life

3.  Eukaryotes have cell membranes and nuclei  All species of large complex organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi, although most species of eukaryotic protists are microorganisms.speciesanimalsplants fungi protistsmicroorganisms  Prokaryotes lack nucleus  bacteria

4. 40% Bacteria and actinomycetes:  bacteria  actinomycetes

5. Bacteria  Tiny (1 μm width), one-celled  Single cell division  In lab: 1 can produce 5 billion in 12 hours  (In real world limited by predators, water & food availability)  Abundant in rhizosphere  zone surrounding root  dead root cells and exudate stimulate microbial growth

6. rhizosphere 1/10 inch Exudates: carbohydrates and proteins secreted by roots; attracts bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa Bacteria and fungi are like little fertilizer bags Nematodes and protozoa eat and excrete the fertilizer

8. bacteria

9. 4 functional groups of bacteria: 1. Decomposers  Organic chemicals in big complex chains and rings  Bacteria break bonds using enzymes they produce  Create simpler, smaller chains  Immobilize nutrients in their cells; prevents loss of nutrients from rooting zone 2. Mutualists form partnerships with plants (e.g. Rhizobium and legumes) 3. Pathogens cause plant galls 4. Chemoautotrophs get energy from compounds other than compounds

10. Root nodules: bacteria infect root hairs

11. Mini-movie about bacteria

12. Actinomycetes: group of bacteria that grow as hyphae like fungi  Make “earthy” smell  by producing geosmin  adaptable to drought  Can act in high pH  usually aerobic heterotrophs  break down “recalcitrant” compounds  Hard-to-decompose (chitin, cellulose)  Produce antibiotics, like Streptomycin

13. Mini-movie

14. 40% other Microflora Protozoa Algae Fungi

15. protozoa

16.  Unicellular; larger than bacteria  Amoeba, ciliates, flagellates  Heterotrophic  Eat bacteria Bacteria have more nitrogen than protozoa need, so protozoa release the excess mineralize Form symbiotic relationships e.g., flagellates in termite guts; digest fibers  Require water  Go dormant within cyst in dry conditions

17. Mini-movie

18. algae  Filamentous, colonial, unicellular  Photosynthetic  Most in blue-green group, but also yellow-green, diatoms, green algae  Need diffuse light in surface horizons; important in early stages of succession  Form carbonic acid (weathering)  Add OM to soil; bind particles  Aeration  Some fix nitrogen

19. Mini-movie

20. Fungi  Grow as long threads (hyphae)  Push through soil particles, roots, rocks  Often group into masses called mycelium (look like roots)  Higher fungi have basidium :  club-shaped structure,  bearing fruiting body 

23. Fungi  Break down OM, esp important where bacteria are less active; low pH  attack any organic residue  feed by absorbing nutrients from organic material ; no stomachs;d igest food before it can pass through the cell wall into the hyphae.  Hyphae secrete acids and enzymes that break the surrounding organic material down into simple molecules they can easily absorb.  Most are aerobic heterotrophs  chemosynthetic: adsorb dissolved nutrients for energy

24. Fungi and calcite

26.  Like bacteria: immobilize nutrients in soil  Produce organic acids; increases humic-acid- rich OM that is resistant to degradation  Lasts in soil for 100s of years

27. Mini-movie

28.  Mycorrhizae: symbiotic absorbing organisms infecting plant roots, formed by some fungi  Mutualists  Get carbon from plant  Give to plant:  Solubilize P; bring soil nutrients to plant  normal feature of root systems, esp. trees  increase nutrient availability in return for energy supply  plants native to an area have well-developed relationship with mycorrhizal fungi

30. Ectomycorrhizae  Grow on surface layers of roots  trees On pine root

31. Mini-movie

32. endomycorrhizae  Grow within root cells  Grasses, crops, vegetables, shrubs

33. Mini-movie

34. 12% Earthworms (Macrofauna: > 1 cm long) ANNELIDS several types: epigeic (litter) anecic (burrow) endogeic (in soil)

35. Mini-movie

36. Other Macrofauna (5%) and Mesofauna(3%) CHORDATES (vertebrates) mammals, amphibians, reptiles PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) ASCHELMINTHES (roundworms, nematodes) MOLLUSKS (snails, slugs) ARTHROPODS : (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapoda)

37. vertebrates  Squirrels, mice, groundhogs, rabbits, chipmunks, voles, moles, prairie dogs, gophers, snakes, lizards, etc.  Contribute dung and carcasses  Taxicabs for microbes

38. nematodes

39.  Nonsegmented, blind roundworms  > 20,000 species  Eat bacteria or fungi or plants (stylet)  And protozoa, other nematodes, algae  Specialized mouthparts  Can sense temperature and chemical changes

40.  nematode

41. mini-movie

42. arthropods  ¾ of all living organisms  Exoskeleton, jointed legs, segmented body  Insects  Crustaceans  Arachnids  Myriapoda

43.  Shredders  Microbial taxis

44. springtails  Mini-movie Mini-movie

45. mites  Mini-movie Mini-movie

46. Feeding Habits Carnivores : parasites and predators Phytophages: eat above ground green plant parts, roots, woody parts Saprophages: eat dead and decaying OM Microphytic feeders: eat spores, hyphae, lichens, algae, bacteria

47. Distribution with depth most active biotic horizons correspond with amount of OM:  Litter (O): has most OM but extremes of climate, therefore only specialists live there  Most animals in litter Roots:  Rhizosphere: zone surrounding root  dead root cells and exudate stimulates microbial growth  Most microbiotic population in A and rhizosphere

48. Decomposing organic matter:  ACTIVE fraction:  Organic compounds that can be used as food by microorganisms  LABILE:  OM that’s easily decomposed