1. Forming the Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses in Latin

2. Present Tense: The present tense is formed by connecting the PRESENT TENSE STEM to the PRESENT TENSE VOWEL and then the PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS (specific to each conjugation)

3. First, decide which conjugation your verb belongs to. Remember the table you memorized: First PartSecond Part Conjugation -o-arefirst -eo-eresecond -o ( or –io)-erethird -io-irefourth

4. Then, find the PRESENT TENSE STEM. For most verbs, just remove the –o from the first part. If the verb is from the second conjugation, remove the –eo. If the verb ends in – io, remove the –io. am stup ag adven o eo o io

5. Once you have the PRESENT TENSE STEM, add the PRESENT TENSE VOWEL. The vowel for each conjugation is in the chart below, which you must memorize. ConjugationPresent Tense Vowel Firsta Seconde Thirdi Fourthi

6. Next, add the endings. If the first part of the verb ended in –io, you must keep the “i” in two places: when you add the –o ending and when you add the -nt ending. Remember that Latin does not like the –int combination at the end of verbs, so it will become –unt. If the verb ends in -io, it will become –iunt. -o (I …)-mus (we…) -s (you….)-tis (you plural….) -t (she, he, it….s)-nt (they….) Present Tense Endings

7. Examples agoI driveagimuswe drive agisyou driveagitisyou (all) drive agithe, she, it drives aguntthey drive amoI likeamamuswe like amasyou likeamatisyou (all) like amathe, she, it likes amantthey like

8. Imperfect Tense: The imperfect tense is formed by connecting the PRESENT TENSE STEM to the IMPERFECT TENSE VOWEL and then the IMPERFECT TENSE ENDINGS (specific to each conjugation)

9. Once you have the PRESENT TENSE STEM, add the IMPERFECT TENSE VOWEL. The vowel for each conjugation is in the chart below, which you must memorize. ConjugationImperfect Tense Vowel Firsta Seconde Thirde (ie) Fourthie

10. Next, add the endings. -bam (I was…ing)-bamus (we were ….ing) -bas (you were…ing)-batis (you plural were …ing) -bat (she, he, it was …ing)-bant (they were…ing) Imperfect Tense Endings

11. Examples adveniebamI was arrivingadveniebamuswe were arriving adveniebasyou were arriving adveniebatisyou (all) were arriving adveniebathe, she, it was arriving adveniebantthey were arriving stupebamI was gapingstupebamuswe were gaping stupebasyou were gaping stupebatisyou (all) were gaping stupebathe, she, it was gaping stupebantthey were gaping

12. Perfect Tense: The perfect tense is formed by connecting the PERFECT TENSE STEM to the PERFECT TENSE ENDINGS

13. Now you need to know the THIRD part of each verb, because that’s the PERFECT STEM!!! Just take off the –i to find the stem. amo amare amav stupeo stupere stupu ago agere eg advenio advenire adven iiiiiiii

14. Then add the PERFECT TENSE ENDINGS and you are done! -i (…ed)-imus (we …ed) -isti (you …ed)-istis (you plural …ed) -it (she, he, it …ed)-erunt (they …ed)

15. Examples adveniI arrivedadvenimuswe arrived advenistiyou arrivedadvenistisyou (all) arrived advenithe, she, it arrived adveneruntthey arrived egiI droveegimuswe drove egistiyou droveegistisyou drove egithe, she, it drove egeruntthey drove

16. So, you should now be able to identify which tense a verb is in: present, imperfect or perfect. amavistiperfect stupentpresent adveniebamusimperfect

17. After reviewing the tenses presented here, you must take the multiple choice quiz on X2. This quiz will ask you to identify the TENSE of a few verbs. See you tomorrow!