1. Topic: Climate Change Climate: Average weather (temp and moisture) conditions in an area over a long period of time.

2. Factors that determine climate:

3.  1) Latitude:  Higher latitudes (far from Equator), lower the angle, colder temperatures. More Sun = Warmer Climates (tropical) Less Sun

4. 2) Atmospheric Circulation http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Pressure.html

5. 3) Oceanic Circulation http://staff.orecity.k12.or.us/steve.tebor/atm%20currents/current/html/vertical_structure_images.html

6.  eoearth.org

7. 4) Topography: (ex – Mountains, Plains) Mt. Kilimanjaro (near Equator) is capped in snow year round! Elevation of 5896 m above sea level. kilimanjaroexpeditions.wordpress.com

8. 5) Volcanic Activity

9. 6) Seasonal Changes Caused by Earth’s tilt and revolution

10. The Greenhouse Effect

11. Greenhouse at Peconic River Herb Farm, Calverton, NY Burns

12. The Greenhouse Effect in a Car Woods Hole Institute Greenhouse Effect Primer

13. Visible Light – short wavelength Absorbed at the surface Earth radiates heat energy back Infrared – Long Wavelengths Greenhouse Gases Gases absorb infrared energy in the atmosphere, warming it slowly Space Earth’s atmosphere

14. The Greenhouse Effect http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/energy-gap-climate-change/greenhouse-effect

15. Earth’s average temps 15° C (59°F) No greenhouse temps -18°C (-.4°F).

16.  Water Vapor – H2O  Carbon dioxide – CO2  Halocarbon (ex- Chlorofluorocarbons)  Methane – CH4  Nitrous Oxide – NO2  Ozone Greenhouse Gases

17. Based on concentrations (ppb) adjusted for heat retention characteristics % of Greenhouse Effect % Natural% Man-made Water vapor95.000% 94.999%0.001% Carbon Dioxide (CO2)3.618% 3.502%0.117% Methane (CH4)0.360% 0.294%0.066% Nitrous Oxide (N2O)0.950% 0.903%0.047% Misc. gases ( CFC's, etc.)0.072% 0.025%0.047% Total100.00% 99.720.28% Anthropogenic (man-made) Contribution to the "Greenhouse Effect," expressed as % of Total (water vapor INCLUDED) Dr. Wallace Broecker, a leading world authority on climate Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, lecture presented at R. A. Daly Lecture at the American Geophysical Union's spring meeting in Baltimore, Md., May 1996.

18. The Water Cycle http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7829850.stm

19. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/images/carboncycle_jpg_image.html The Carbon Cycle

20. National Geographic Global Warming 101 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs http:// www.brainpop.com/search/search.weml?keyword=greenhouse+effect

21.  Solar maxima tend to have much higher UV radiation.  This warms the stratosphere (ozone layer) and the ground-level ozone as well. Solar Activity Click for the UV Solar Fader from the SoHO Satellite! http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/eit_171/1024/latest.html

22.  …if you want a moderately-warm Earth... Greenhouse Gases are great…

23.  Absorb and radiate heat  Anthropogenic (human- influenced) gases include: Greenhouse Gases http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=2&secNum=4