1. Chapter 23 : The Globalization of Terrorism

2. All terrorist acts are crimes, but not all crimes are terrorist acts
All terrorist acts are crimes, but not all crimes are terrorist acts. What is the difference?
Crime
Terrorism
Personal gratification
Often attacks targeted (because they have something you want, revenge)
Not because of an ideal
Most try to avoid the media
Not for personal gain
Innocent people are randomly affected (wrong place at wrong time)
In support of or to advance a political goal
Audience is important

3. What is meant by “terrorism as theatre”?
Audience is beyond the victims
Spectacular events attract media attention
Psychological impact
It is a carefully staged & often well thought out act in which the symbolism is very important
Publicize the existence of the cause
Broadcast a revolutionary message
Cause widespread fear and anxiety
Provoke a strong response in order to bring people to their cause

4. Terrorism experts suggest that changing communications technology has fundamentally altered the nature of terrorism twice since the late 1960s. What is the nature of these two technological changes? How has terrorism changed as a result? Why are these changes undesirable?
Global Village
The advent of satellite TV transmissions allowed the viewing of live events from across the world in real time Munich Olympics allowed the world to witness a terrorist attack by the PLO and the subsequent hostage drama involving the Israeli Olympic team.

5. Terrorism experts suggest that changing communications technology has fundamentally altered the nature of terrorism twice since the late 1960s. What is the nature of these two technological changes? How has terrorism changed as a result? Why are these changes undesirable?

6. The rise of the internet in the 1990s , with its focus on the free exchange of information without censorship has provided an international audience for freedom movement, terrorist groups etc.. manifestos, bomb making how-to-manuals, videos of speeches, attacks, executions, can all be found quite easily on the internet.

7. This has attracted many disaffected individuals and has increased the ranks of many of these organizations.
Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
Al Jihad (AJ)
Al-Murabitoun
Al-Muwaqi'un Bil Dima
Al Qaida
Al Qaida in Iraq (AQI)
Al Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
Al Shabaab
Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade (AAMB)
Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (AGAI)
Al-Ittihad Al-Islam (AIAI)
Ansar al-Islam (AI)
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Asbat Al-Ansar (AAA) (The League of Partisans)
Aum Shinrikyo
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)
Babbar Khalsa International (BKI)
Boko Haram
Caucasus Emirate
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Faction of the Hezb-e Islami, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (HIG)
Hamas (Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiya) (Islamic Resistance Movement)
Haqqani Network
Harakat ul-Mudjahidin (HuM)
Hizballah
International Relief Fund for the Afflicted and Needy - Canada
International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF)
Islamic Army of Aden (IAA)
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Qods Force
Jabhat Al-Nusra
Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)
Jemaah Islamiyyah (JI)
Kahane Chai (KACH)
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ)
Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Sendero Luminoso (SL)
Taliban
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
Vanguards of Conquest (VOC)
World Tamil Movement (WTM)

8. It is a point of view question in many ways
Using specific examples, explain the difference between a freedom fighter and a terrorist. Why is it sometimes difficult to make this distinction?
It is a point of view question in many ways
Government under attack will call them terrorists
The supporters of the attackers will see it as a freedom issue
One suggestion is that freedom fighters target exclusively government entities and avoid civilians

9. Menachem Begin Leader of Irgun – 1940 blew up the King David Hotel
Leader of Israel – 1978 received the Nobel Peace Prize for signing peace accord with Egypt with Anwar Sadat

10. Menachem Begin

11. Yasser Arafat
Leader of Palestinian Liberation Organization – many terrorist acts 70s – 80s
Leader of the Palestinian Authority – 1994 Winner of Nobel Peace Prize (with Shimon Perez and Yitzhak Rabin)

12. Another determining factor is “who wins”
Nelson Mandela
1988 – African National Congress – U.S. and South African Government consider a terrorist organization
1993 – Nelson Mandela leader of ANC wins NPP
2001 – Nelson Mandela becomes honorary Canadian Citizen