1. Bellringer Have out your study guide for the midterm with 1-27 completed and the Latin America Map! Using the map you completed for homework, answer the following questions (you don’t have to write the questions down) on a piece of paper titled: “Bellringer, 1/4/11” ▫Name 4 countries that are a part of “Latin America”. ▫What European nation owns most of the land in Latin America? ▫What did Touissant L’Ouverture do for the people of Haiti? (think back to your Napoleon notes) ▫What events were going on around the world that might influence revolutions in Latin America? (Hint: think about nationalism!) BJOTD: Why do bees have sticky hair?

2. Objectives The Students will know: ▫The major figures and countries that achieved independence from Europe in Latin America ▫What Latin America is ▫The colonial system implemented by the Europeans in Latin America The Students will understand: ▫The Enlightenment and other revolutions in France and America helped to stimulate revolutions in Latin America. The Students will be able to: ▫Analyze a political cartoon ▫Use a map to answer questions ▫Review for their midterm exam

3. Colonial Authority and Latin American Revolutions

5. Winning Independence The American Revolution, French Revolution and Enlightenment ideas encouraged the people of Latin America to rise up against France, Spain, and Portugal. Nationalism is occurring ▫Strong pride in their country ▫Sick of being ruled by a foreign country Ocurred in the late 1700s-1800

6. Who were they trying to get freedom from and why? Wanted independence from the colonial powers The colonial powers (Spain, Portugal, and France) were treating the Latin American people very poorly Colonial governments mirrored their home movements ▫Europeans on top, natives (Latin Americans) at the bottom of the system ▫Catholicism was forced upon the natives ▫Europeans used the natives in slave-like roles to mine precious metals (silver)

7. Europeans used the major Latin American cities as outposts of colonial authority. ▫Cities: Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires ▫Conquistadors were made into viceroys or colonial officers who controlled the cities and treated the natives very poorly

8. Latin American Society 1 st - Peninsulars – men born in Spain (.1%) 2 nd - Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America(22.8%) 3 rd - Mestizos- European and Indian descent (7.3%) 4 th - Mulattos- European and African descent (7.8%) 5 th - Indians- (55.8%) Mestizos, Mulattos and Indians were always discriminated against Creoles (native-borns) were educated and traveled to Spain often. They did not believe they were getting the same rights as Spaniards. They followed Enlightenment ideas Peninsulars Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Indians

9. Processing What factors of life in the colonies could lead to revolutions? (Name Two) What outside factors led to revolutions in the Latin American colonies?

10. The Major Rebellions Haiti: ▫Saint Domingue (Haiti)was a French Colony ▫Toussaint L’Ouverture and 10, 000 slaves rose up and freed slaves throughout the colony  Defeated troops from Great Britain, France, and Spain ▫On January 1, 1804 Haiti was declared an independent colony

11. The Liberators End Spanish Rule Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin were two brilliant generals who were native to Latin America Simon Bolivar declared Venezuela independent from Spain in 1811, but fought for its freedom and the freedom of Columbia until 1821. Jose de San Martin worked to free Argentina, Chile, and Peru. ▫He and Bolivar met in 1822, and they combined their armies to defeat the Spanish Bolivar used the combined army to defeat the Spanish completely at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco de Rodríguez

12. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Started with Father Midel Hidalgo, a believer in the Enlightenment Hidalgo led an army of 60,000 Indian and Mestizo followers against the Spanish ▫He died in 1811, but his work was carried on by others 1821- the Central American states declared independence

13. Brazil Freed from Portugal Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil to escape Napoleon during the Peninsular War When Portugal’s monarchy was restored in Europe, the creoles asked Dom Pedro (the son of the King of Portugal) to rule Brazil independently from Portugal On September 7, 1822 Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent. It was the only bloodless revolution in Latin America.

14. What was the U.S. Doing? President Monroe wrote a declaration called The Monroe Doctrine in 1823. ▫Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. ▫The United States would regard as a threat to their own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to take over any independent state in the Western Hemisphere  Result: Europeans stay away from the Americas